Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Derm Rheum > Structure and Function of Skin - Schwarzenberger > Flashcards

Structure and Function of Skin - Schwarzenberger Flashcards

1
Q

List 6 important functions of skin

A
  • barrier function
  • immune recognition and surveillance
  • damage repair
  • thermoregulation
  • protection from UV radiation
  • communication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List common functions of skin as a barrier

A

Regulates water loss

Protect against mechanical, chemical and microbial insults from outside world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Skin deals with innate or adapative immunologic processes?

A

Both

Fun fact: skin has more lymphocytes than inside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Autoimmune bullous diseases are blistering skin diseases mediated by autoantibodies towards what?

A

skin adhesion molecules (desmosomes, hemidesmosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Characteristic features of autoimmune bulous diseases?

A

erosions or blisters in skin, often in mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Autoantibodies to hemidesmosomes. Name this skin condition?

A

Bullous pemphigoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Autoantibodies to desmosomes. Name this condition?

A

Pemphigus vulgaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bullous pemphigoid vs Pemphigus vulgaris. Which is which?

A

Top = Pemphigus vulgaris

Bottom - Bullous pemphigoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Immunofluorescence. Which is which

Bullous pemphigoid vs pemphigus

A

Top - Bullous Pempighoid

Bottom - Pemphigus Vulgaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Impaired wound healing can lead to ?

A

chronic skin ulcers, risk of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Patients can also develop skin lesions bc they become ____ to injury? List 2 examples

A

insensitive

Neuropathic ulcers, trigeminal trophic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Melanin is found where in skin (epidermis/dermis). Purpose of it?

A

Found in epidermis, protect against UV radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Loss of photoprotection increases what 2 OBVIOUS risks?

A

risk of burning (duh), and skin cancer (duh)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Condition where person has abnormal pigment at birth?

A

Albinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Condition where you lose your pigment as you get older?

A

Vitiligo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Acute effects of UV radiation on skin?

A

Inflammation (sunburn)

Immunosuppression

Tanning

Epidermal hyperplasia

Vitamin D photosynthesis

DNA damage (apoptosis, cell cycle arrest to repair)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 chronic effects of UVR on skin?

A

Photoaging

Photocarcinogenesis (basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, melanomas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Term for histologic change that occurs due to chronic UV radiation

A

Solar elastosis (right picture)

Normal skin (left picture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Incidence of melanoma in US?

A

1 in 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Melanoma more commonly associated with chronic low exposure or acute intense exposure?

A

Acute intense exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Disease of skin that deals with inability to repair DNA?

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum, DNA excision abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What condition does he have?

Mutation in what gene? Consequence of this?

Clinical manifestations?

A

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia

Mutation in EDAR (Ectodyplasin A receptor) gene. Protein is critical for proper interaction between developing ectoderm and mesorderm.

Results in abnormal hair follicles, sweat glands, and teeth. Unable to regulate temperature, overheat easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 layers of skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, subcutis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cells of epidermis? Which makes up the majority

A

Keratinocytes (90% of cells), melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What cells of epidermis are important when they become malignant?
Merkel cells
26
if you cut your skin, and bleed, what layer of the skin have you at least affected?
Dermis, epidermis has no blood vessels
27
Dermis or epidermis? Primarily barrier function, protection, wound healing?
Epidermis
28
Epidermis sheds itself every ___ days?
28+ 14 days to reach stratum corneum 14 days to desquamate
29
4 Layers of Epidermis?
Stratum corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
30
Function of hemidesmosome?
Connect epidermis to dermis Epidermis (pink in picture), dermis (blue)
31
Function of desmosomes?
Keratinocyte to keratinocyte adhesion
32
What epidermal layer is the source of stem cells?
Stratum basale
33
Division of cells starts in what epidermal layer?
Stratum basale
34
Basal cells (of basal layer) adhere to basement membrane via what?
hemidesmosomes
35
Cells stop dividing and start terminal differentiation in what epidermal layer?
Stratum spinosum
36
Lipids begin to develop in what epidermal layer?
Stratum spinosum
37
Why is the stratum spinosum "spiny"
Due to visible **desmosomes** with which one KC adheres to another
38
Profilaggrin synthesis occurs in what epidermal cell layer?
Stratum granulosum Profilaggrin makes up part of the intracellular keratohyaline granules that are produced in this layer
39
What layer of the epidermis plays a key role in maintaining a water barrier? How?
Stratum granulosum - Lipids in lamellar granules secreted into intercellular space to form water barrier to keep water in skin
40
Nuclei and organelle should degenerate by the time they reach what layer?
Stratum corneum
41
Profilaggrin is processed into ____ in the stratum \_\_\_\_? Purpose of this?
filaggrin, stratum corneum - helps keep water in cells
42
Stratum corneum creates a protective layer via a combination of what 2 components?
Keratin + filaggrin = macrofibrils (creates protective layer)
43
Keratin combines to form \_\_\_\_\_?
Intermediate filaments
44
Pairs of keratin differ based on what?
location in the body. Dif keratin pairs in palms/soles vs elsewhere
45
What amino acid is found in keratin (esp hair and nails)?
Cysteine (which contains sulfur. why your hair smells like shit when it gets burned)
46
Based on location within body, what layer of the epidermis has different characteristics?
Stratum corneum varies based on different areas within body, such as trunk/back (thinner) vs palms/soles (thicker)
47
What layer of the epidermis is compared to a brick and mortar wall? What do #s 1 and 2 represent?
Stratum corneum 1 (bricks) = flattened keratinocytes filled with keratin and filaggrin 2 (mortar) = lipid mixture surrounding keratinocytes, providing water barrier
48
Name for "pigment producting dendritic cells?" What pigment is produced?
Melanocytes - produce melanin (a radiation absorbing pigment)
49
Melanocytes are derived from what embryonic cell lineage?
Neural crest cells, migrat during embryonic development
50
Where are melanocytes located in the epidermis? What is their ratio to keratinocytes?
"live" along basal cell 1:10 ratio between melanocytes:keratinocytes
51
In addition to producing melanin, what else do melanocytes do with melanin?
transfers melanin to surrounding keratinocytes
52
What is classified as the primary defense against UV radiation?
Melanocytes
53
What is this a picture of?
Melanocyte Notice the dendritic like appendages within this diagram, same as picture
54
Besides melanocytes, name another dendritic cell of the epidermis? Where is its location in the epidermis?
Langerhans cells, found in mid epidermis
55
Main purpose of Langerhans cells?
Recognize, take up, and present abnormal antigens in skin to lymphocytes in regional lymph nodes - this abnormal antigen can be a cancerous cell, virally infected cell, chemical allergen (like a fragrance), etc
56
Name this cell: Epidermal cell associated with light touch sensation
Merkel cell
57
Merkel cells can develop into what pathologically?
malignant tumors
58
Name 2 cells found in dermis
Fibroblasts, mast cells
59
Besides fibroblasts/mast cells, what other components are found in dermis?
blood vessels and lymphatics, nerves, sweat and oil glands, hair follicles
60
3 functions of dermis?
Structural support vascular support innervation **(epidermis has NO innervation or vasculature)**
61
What is considered the primary cell in the dermis? What origin do these cells come from?
Fibroblast, mesenchymal origin
62
Main purpose of fibroblasts?
- Synthesis and degradation of CT proteins, including collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans, and other glycoproteins - Injury to skin triggers fibroblast mitosis - Responsible for wound healing and scar formation
63
What cells in the dermis are rich in histamine and heparin granules?
Mast cells - release their granules when triggered by injury or when they bind IgE antibodies during allergic reactions - histamine and other mediators important in allergic reactions and wound healing
64
Hair follicles stop in dermis or continue into subcutis?
Extend through dermis into subcutis
65
Each hair follicle is associated with what gland?
sebaceous (oil) gland
66
What are the 4 components of a pilosebaceous unit?
- Hair follicle - sebaceous (oil) gland - apocrine sweat gland (in axilla and anogenital skin) - arrector pili muscle
67
"True" sweat glands? Location in body?
Eccrine sweat glands, all over body (as opposed to apocrine found only in axilla/anogenital skin)
68
Are eccrine sweat glands associated with a hair follice?
No
69
Apocrine vs eccrine sweat glands? - function to regulate temperature by evaporative cooling of sweat?
Eccrine sweat glands
70
Fat layer found in what layer of skin? Function of this layer?
Subcutis insulation, source of energy, protection from injury
71
Cells/components of subcutis?
fat, blood vessels, fibrous septae
72
Other than structure, why are fibrous septae important?
B/c the cause cellulite (Fibrous septae pull down in between fat lobules) OMG I HAVE CELLULITE
73
Apoptosis is (high or low) in epidermis?
Apoptosis **normally low** in epidermis, but can increase in some situations
74
If you get sunburn, what cells in what layer become damaged? Relate this to apoptosis
Sun-damaged cells = damaged keratinocytes in epidermis Apoptosis will increase (normal response to sun damaged cells)
75
What happens if apoptosis of sun-damaged cells (keratinocytes) doesnt occur?
Can progress to skin cancer
76
What disorder is shown in picture? Associated with genetic defects in what protein?
Atopic dermatitis, defects in filaggrin
77
What disease is shown here? What mutation is occuring?
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex genetic mutations in Keratin 5/14
78
Definition of nevus (mole)?
Benign collection of melanocytes
79
Melanoma definition?
growth of malignant (cancerous) melanocytes

Derm Rheum (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions