Structure and Function of Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

____ is the layer of gray matter that covers the cerebrum.

Answer 1

Cerebral Cortex

Question 2

The fMRI _____ signal is a correlate of neuronal activity.

Answer 2

bold

Question 3

An interconnected group of telencephalic and diencephalic structures that have a major role in self-preservation (e.g., searching for food and fighting), preservation of the species (e.g., reproduction and the care of offspring), the expression of fear, rage, and pleasure, and the establishment of memory

Answer 3

limbic system

Question 4

The primary sensory area for visual corresponds to what Brodmann’s areas?

Answer 4

17

Question 5

The primary sensory area for auditory corresponds to what Brodmann’s areas?

Answer 5

41, 42

Question 6

The primary sensory somatosensory corresponds to what Brodmann’s areas?

Answer 6

1, 2, 3

Question 7

The sensory association areas are located where?

Answer 7

principally in the brain regions near the respective primary sensory areas

Question 8

The primary motor region corresponds to what Brodmann’s areas?

Answer 8

4

Question 9

The motor association areascorresponds to what Brodmann’s areas?

Answer 9

anterior to 4

Question 10

The high order association areas are located where?

Answer 10

parietal, temporal, prefrontal, and limbic cortex regions

Question 11

Unlike primary and secondary sensory cortices, association cortex receives input from nuclei of the ______ that themselves receive processed information from the sensory regions of the cerebral cortex.

Answer 11

thalamus (dorsomedial, pulvinar and posterior nuclei)

Question 12

In addition, the association areas receive input from other cortical areas via _____.

Answer 12

cortico-cortical projections

Question 13

Association cortices are important for _____, ______, and _____.

Answer 13

integrating sensory, motor, and integrated information from multiple sources

Question 14

Lesions in these association areas can result in specific or complex _____, but not simple _____.

Answer 14

cognitive deficits; sensory or motor deficits

Question 15

Deficits of attention and lateral neglect syndrome are caused by lesions in ____

Answer 15

parietal association cortex

Question 16

Deficits of recognition (e.g. prosopagnosia) are caused by lesions in ____

Answer 16

temporal association cortex

Question 17

Deficits of planning and deficits in emotional expression and control are caused by lesions in ____

Answer 17

frontal association cortex

Question 18

. This syndrome is almost always associated with lesions in the right cerebral hemisphere. The right hemisphere is dominant for attention and can make up for deficits resulting from left hemisphere lesions whereas, the left hemisphere only deals with the right side of the body/space and cannot compensate for right hemisphere damage

Answer 18

Lateral neglect syndrome

Question 19

involves severe left side neglect. Thus, patients do not pay attention to objects on their left extrapersonal space, even though they do see them when specifically asked. Patients will also neglect the left side of their body. For example they may walk into a doorframe with their left side as they do not properly attend to that side of their body or the environment around it

Answer 19

Lateral neglect syndrome with a lesion of the right cerebral hemisphere

Question 20

Inability to recognize faces

Answer 20

prosopagnosia

Question 21

Generally, lesions of the right temporal cortex results in difficulty in _____ while lesions on the left produce difficulties with _____.

Answer 21

recognizing faces and object; language

Question 22

Given the unique connectivity between the frontal regions and deeper brain structures, lesions of these areas or their connections generate a variety of distinctive clinical behaviors

Answer 22

frontal association cortex

Question 23

The _____ is concerned with planning, strategy formation, and executive function. Patients with dorsolateral frontal lesions tend to have apathy, personality changes, and lack of ability to plan or to sequence actions or tasks.

Answer 23

dorsolateral frontal cortex

Question 24

The ____ contains the center for expression of language. Patients with left frontal operculum lesions may demonstrateBroca aphasia, (language deficits), whereas patients with exclusively right opercular lesions tend to develop expressive aprosodia.

Answer 24

frontal operculum

Question 25

The _____ is concerned with response inhibition. Patients with orbitofrontal lesions tend to have difficulty with disinhibition, emotional lability, and memory disorders. Personality changes from orbital damage include impulsiveness, puerility, a jocular attitude, sexual disinhibition, and complete lack of concern for others.

Answer 25

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 26

Magnetic pulses induce current in neurons, leading to alterations in membrane potentials.
Individual pulses produce neuronal excitation, but repetitive pulses (rTMS) can result in either enhancement or suppression of excitability.
Currently FDA-approved for treatment of depression.

Answer 26

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Question 27

An electrical current is applied between two electrodes place on the scalp.
The current produces a sustained membrane potential change, which is in the opposite polarity for the two electrodes.
Unlike TMS, does not evoke action potentials, but just alters the excitability of neurons

Answer 27

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)