Olfactory

Question 1

______ are embedded in a small area of specialized epithelium in the dorsal posterior recess of the nasal cavity.

Answer 1

Olfactory sensory neurons

Question 2

Generation of receptor potentials takes place in the ____.

Answer 2

cilia

Question 3

The mitral and tufted cells connect directly to the:

Answer 3

Anterior olfactory nucleus
Olfactory tubercle
Piriform cortex
Amygdala
Entorhinal cortex

Question 4

The mitral and tufted cells connect indirectly to the:

Answer 4

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Frontal cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 5

Odor-producing molecules are generally:

Answer 5

Small, containing 3 - 20 carbon atoms
Volatile
Water and lipid soluble
Odorant-binding proteins (OBP) concentrate odorants and transfer them across the mucus to the receptors.

Question 6

What is the detection threshold for olfaction?

Answer 6

about 50 molecules

Question 7

True or False? determination of differences in intensity is poor

Answer 7

True

Question 8

True or False? Females have a better sense of smell than males

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Activation of ______ are necessary for the full experience of certain smells, such as peppermint, menthol and chlorine

Answer 9

olfactory nociceptors

Question 10

All olfactory receptors are coupled with ______

Answer 10

G-proteins

Question 11

Some receptors act via _______; others act via ______

Answer 11

adenyl cyclase and CAMP; phospholipase C and the products of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis

Question 12

Olfactory receptors lead to the opening of ______ channels and ______

Answer 12

sodium; depolarization

Question 13

Mitral and tufted cells send axons to the ______

Answer 13

olfactory cortex

Question 14

The brain recognizes odors by the pattern of ______

Answer 14

glomerular activation

Question 15

In the olfactory glomeruli, the periglomerular and granule cells produce ______; this sharpens and focuses olfactory signals

Answer 15

lateral inhibition

Question 16

Olfactory adaptation is ______.

Answer 16

Rapid

Question 17

Olfactory adaptation is specific for _____

Answer 17

a specific odor

Question 18

True or False? Olfactory adaptation has both a central and peripheral phenomenon.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Peripheral adaptation may be mediated by ______ and ______ in the olfactory dendrites and ______

Answer 19

granule cells and/or beta kinase-2; beta arrestin-2; cilia

Question 20

Olfaction triggers what two reflexes?

Answer 20

salivation and gastric secretions

Question 21

Sneezing and lacrimation reflexes are triggered by ____

Answer 21

nose nociceptors

Question 22

It is a structure in the nasal cavity concerned with odors that act as pheromones

Answer 22

Vomeronasal organ in animals

Question 23

True or False? Pheromones, that typically come from urine or glandular secretions, influence reproductive and social behavior, such as estrus cycles, age of onset of puberty, implantation of fertilized embryos and mating behavior

Answer 23

True

Question 24

True or False? The vomeronasal organ is not well developed in humans

Answer 24

True

Question 25

True or False? Subconscious activation of the hypothalamus by an estrogen-androgen odor mix can influence reproductive and other behaviors

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Decreased sense of smell

Answer 26

hyposmia

Question 27

Total lack of sense of smel

Answer 27

anosmia

Question 28

____ is a common symptom in Alzheimer’s disease.

Answer 28

Anosmia

Question 29

A distorted sense of smell

Answer 29

parosmia (dysosmia)

Question 30

Olfactory hallucinations

Answer 30

cacosmia