Structure Flashcards
1
Q
Whats group structure?
A
- Predictable processes, to predictable behaviours
- How people relate to each other
- The same core concepts in every group
Norms, roles and intermember relations
2
Q
What are norms?
A
- Fundamental element of social structure
- Sets a standard implicitly or explicitly
- Provide direction, motivation, organizing interactions, can be restrictive or beneficial etc
- Doesnt have to universal, unique for each group
- A groups culture
- Common knowledge, we take them for granted till it gets violated (Kaaaaaaren)
3
Q
What are different types of norms?
A
Prescriptive norm
- socially accepted
Proscriptive norm
- not socially accepted, should be avoided
Descriptive norm
- how one should feel, think or act in certain situations or new situations
Injunction norm
- describes behaviours that are desireable and undesireable, do this or else
4
Q
Principle of social proofing
A
- Assume behaviours from others are correct if more people do it
- Looking at others to gain information
5
Q
Whats internalization of norms?
A
- Norms can become your own beliefs, not just external rules to follow
- Influence your own values
- Identifying with the group, going against the norms can personally upsetting
- Sherif Study, you have the same opinion even alone
- You express this as a young kid(3-4 years old)
6
Q
How can norms develop?
A
- Explicitly said
- Happens over time through group member interaction
- Can com from tough situations or conflicts
7
Q
Social tuning
A
- The tendency for individuals actions and evaluations becoming similar to others
- You adapt
8
Q
How can norms influence our behaviour?
A
- Group pressure, both good and bad. Alcohol
- Unhealthy consequences seen as normal
- Normative process
9
Q
Pluralistic ignorance
A
- To think youre alone with different views on some norms, thus stick to them publically
- Why unhealthy norms stays
10
Q
What are roles?
A
- Different positions in the group
- Expected behaviours, responsibilities and coordination
- Explains why some people change, the role is a part of your identity
- Theatre roles
11
Q
Role differentiation
A
- Increase of roles with time
- Roles gets more defined and narrow
12
Q
Task role
A
- Behaviours that focuses on tasks and activities
- Groups goal, help each other
13
Q
Relationship role
A
- Improve interpersonal relations among members
- Emotional support and well-being
14
Q
Why does differentiation happen?
A
- Few individuals can do both roles
- Preferences gets established
- More pronounced over time
- Needs for clear instructions and emotional support
15
Q
What does role theories describe?
A
- Roles and role related processes, like how a group agrees on a role or how roles works in groups
- Organize group interactions, shared expectations that scripts behaviours from that role
16
Q
Functional role theories
A
- Roles exists because they have a function
- Individual reasons or for the group
- Leaders fill up the roles, the members do their work
- A groups survival - finish the task and maintain relationships
- 19 specific roles + 8 roles that stems from “selfish individuals”
- Preference for a specific type of role but flexibility is best
17
Q
Interactionist Theories
A
- Roles come from reciprocal interactions between group members
- Pre-knowledge of how some roles are, interactions defines it
- Role enactment: displaying certain behaviours, negotiating
- Role sending: influencing others expectations of the role
- Example roles that certain professions do
18
Q
Self-presentation
A
- Influence others social perceptions of you by displaying the qualities you wanna show (for the role you want)
19
Q
Role taking
A
- Taking other peoples perspectives of the role you want, and act on it
- A process that takes time
- Motivation, experience and ability to see things from other perspectives
20
Q
Dynamic role theories
A
- S- Freud
- Our actions in groups are based
1. Plans, motives and goals
2. Unconscious interpersonal and psychological processes that are largely unrecognized - Replace our basic family
- Influence how we view and act the role
Leaders - Parental role
Cohesive groups - Siblings
21
Q
Bales SYMLOG Model
A
- An integrative model that consider roles, attractions and status across groupmembers
- Roles commonly observed in groups - explanation
1. Dominance or Submissive - active/talkative vs passive/quiet
2. Friendliness or Unfriendliness - warm/open vs negative/irritable
3. Acceptance or Nonacceptance of task-oriented authority - group structure, do you follow orders? - Some roles are higher or lower in status
- Positive or negative influence on the group and its processes
22
Q
Group socialization theory
A
- Seek out roles but might get others instead
- Negotiates their role assignments in groups
- Mutual process, adapting to the group and the group adapting to a new person
- Five different roles; prospective member(looking to join), new member(trying to adjust, everything is new), full member(youve been accepted, but role transitions might happen), marginal member(role transition, unhappy with your new role) and ex-member
23
Q
How can roles affect our health and well-being?
A
- There is alot of stress but also positive benefits
- Expectations and responsibilities can wear you down, especially if role isnt defined
- Uncertainty can lead to physical and psychological issues
- Not feeling like themselves
You need feedback to your role, clear role defining!
24
Q
Role ambiguity
A
Unclear expectations of how the role should be, whats acceptable
- Lack of clarity
25
Q
Role conflict
A
- Several roles
- Time consuming and tiring
- Two types of role conflicts
26
Q
Interrol conflict
A
- Roles arent compatible with each other, one thing is okay with one role but not the other
Student vs Parental role
27
Q
Intrarole conflict
A
Contractionary demands within the single role
- What i think the role vs other group members
28
Q
Whats intermember relations?
A
- The connections among the members
- Information flow in a group, that depends on status, attraction and communication networks
29
Q
Status differentiation
A
- The gradual rise of some group members to positions of greater authority, with less authority to others
- All start on equal footing though
- Shapes the group relations structure
- People with higher status are held in higher regard and can influence the group more
30
Q
What is status rank?
A
- Who has the highest status in the group
- Individual, group and culture factors
- Example extroverts
- Having the right skills for the group
31
Q
Person-group fit
A
Predictions have to account for attributes the individual has and how well it meshes with the group needs or wants
32
Q
How does attraction relation work in group?
A
- Two dimensions, leader and follower as well as enemies and friends
- Network of like and dislike among the members
- Least like to most like
- This network shows how people can get treated
33
Q
Network transivity
A
A likes B, B likes C so A likes C too
34
Q
Sociometric stars
A
Liked by many, if not all
35
Q
Balance theory
A
- Some patterns of relationships in groups are more structurally sound, which groups strive for “a balance”
- Unbalanced relations creates tension and stress, leads to changing some elements
- On why group attraction relations lead to be reciprocal, transitive and homophilus
36
Q
What is communication relations?
A
- How group members communicate with each other, shows how the dynamics of the group is
- Different networks; a wheel, concon (all members get info, not a info center, good for complex tasks), chain )a info center, one person to the oher, good for simple tasks), circle (closed chain) and pinwheel(info flows one way)
37
Q
What is downward communications?
A
- From leader to follower
- Actions that needs to be taken
Explanations
Reasons
Suggestions
Feedback
38
Q
What is upward communications?
A
- From follower to leaders
- About your performance or others
- Requests for more information
- Complains
- Questions about policies
39
Q
What is a social network analysis?
A
- Used to see links in group, the informal ones
- Presenting it visually
- To see how communication flow in groups
- To understand the group dynamics we need to understand the links between members
Degree centrality: the number of ties between group members
Betweenness: The distance or ties between members
Holes: disconnections in communication networks, clusters or cliques
