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Grouppsychology > Structure > Flashcards

Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Whats group structure?

A
  • Predictable processes, to predictable behaviours
  • How people relate to each other
  • The same core concepts in every group
    Norms, roles and intermember relations
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2
Q

What are norms?

A
  • Fundamental element of social structure
  • Sets a standard implicitly or explicitly
  • Provide direction, motivation, organizing interactions, can be restrictive or beneficial etc
  • Doesnt have to universal, unique for each group
  • A groups culture
  • Common knowledge, we take them for granted till it gets violated (Kaaaaaaren)
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3
Q

What are different types of norms?

A

Prescriptive norm
- socially accepted
Proscriptive norm
- not socially accepted, should be avoided
Descriptive norm
- how one should feel, think or act in certain situations or new situations
Injunction norm
- describes behaviours that are desireable and undesireable, do this or else

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4
Q

Principle of social proofing

A
  • Assume behaviours from others are correct if more people do it
  • Looking at others to gain information
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5
Q

Whats internalization of norms?

A
  • Norms can become your own beliefs, not just external rules to follow
  • Influence your own values
  • Identifying with the group, going against the norms can personally upsetting
  • Sherif Study, you have the same opinion even alone
  • You express this as a young kid(3-4 years old)
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6
Q

How can norms develop?

A
  • Explicitly said
  • Happens over time through group member interaction
  • Can com from tough situations or conflicts
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7
Q

Social tuning

A
  • The tendency for individuals actions and evaluations becoming similar to others
  • You adapt
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8
Q

How can norms influence our behaviour?

A
  • Group pressure, both good and bad. Alcohol
  • Unhealthy consequences seen as normal
  • Normative process
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9
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A
  • To think youre alone with different views on some norms, thus stick to them publically
  • Why unhealthy norms stays
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10
Q

What are roles?

A
  • Different positions in the group
  • Expected behaviours, responsibilities and coordination
  • Explains why some people change, the role is a part of your identity
  • Theatre roles
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11
Q

Role differentiation

A
  • Increase of roles with time
  • Roles gets more defined and narrow
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12
Q

Task role

A
  • Behaviours that focuses on tasks and activities
  • Groups goal, help each other
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13
Q

Relationship role

A
  • Improve interpersonal relations among members
  • Emotional support and well-being
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14
Q

Why does differentiation happen?

A
  • Few individuals can do both roles
  • Preferences gets established
  • More pronounced over time
  • Needs for clear instructions and emotional support
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15
Q

What does role theories describe?

A
  • Roles and role related processes, like how a group agrees on a role or how roles works in groups
  • Organize group interactions, shared expectations that scripts behaviours from that role
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16
Q

Functional role theories

A
  • Roles exists because they have a function
  • Individual reasons or for the group
  • Leaders fill up the roles, the members do their work
  • A groups survival - finish the task and maintain relationships
  • 19 specific roles + 8 roles that stems from “selfish individuals”
  • Preference for a specific type of role but flexibility is best
17
Q

Interactionist Theories

A
  • Roles come from reciprocal interactions between group members
  • Pre-knowledge of how some roles are, interactions defines it
  • Role enactment: displaying certain behaviours, negotiating
  • Role sending: influencing others expectations of the role
  • Example roles that certain professions do
18
Q

Self-presentation

A
  • Influence others social perceptions of you by displaying the qualities you wanna show (for the role you want)
19
Q

Role taking

A
  • Taking other peoples perspectives of the role you want, and act on it
  • A process that takes time
  • Motivation, experience and ability to see things from other perspectives
20
Q

Dynamic role theories

A
  • S- Freud
  • Our actions in groups are based
    1. Plans, motives and goals
    2. Unconscious interpersonal and psychological processes that are largely unrecognized
  • Replace our basic family
  • Influence how we view and act the role
    Leaders - Parental role
    Cohesive groups - Siblings
21
Q

Bales SYMLOG Model

A
  • An integrative model that consider roles, attractions and status across groupmembers
  • Roles commonly observed in groups - explanation
    1. Dominance or Submissive - active/talkative vs passive/quiet
    2. Friendliness or Unfriendliness - warm/open vs negative/irritable
    3. Acceptance or Nonacceptance of task-oriented authority - group structure, do you follow orders?
  • Some roles are higher or lower in status
  • Positive or negative influence on the group and its processes
22
Q

Group socialization theory

A
  • Seek out roles but might get others instead
  • Negotiates their role assignments in groups
  • Mutual process, adapting to the group and the group adapting to a new person
  • Five different roles; prospective member(looking to join), new member(trying to adjust, everything is new), full member(youve been accepted, but role transitions might happen), marginal member(role transition, unhappy with your new role) and ex-member
23
Q

How can roles affect our health and well-being?

A
  • There is alot of stress but also positive benefits
  • Expectations and responsibilities can wear you down, especially if role isnt defined
  • Uncertainty can lead to physical and psychological issues
  • Not feeling like themselves
    You need feedback to your role, clear role defining!
24
Q

Role ambiguity

A

Unclear expectations of how the role should be, whats acceptable
- Lack of clarity

25
Q

Role conflict

A
  • Several roles
  • Time consuming and tiring
  • Two types of role conflicts
26
Q

Interrol conflict

A
  • Roles arent compatible with each other, one thing is okay with one role but not the other
    Student vs Parental role
27
Q

Intrarole conflict

A

Contractionary demands within the single role
- What i think the role vs other group members

28
Q

Whats intermember relations?

A
  • The connections among the members
  • Information flow in a group, that depends on status, attraction and communication networks
29
Q

Status differentiation

A
  • The gradual rise of some group members to positions of greater authority, with less authority to others
  • All start on equal footing though
  • Shapes the group relations structure
  • People with higher status are held in higher regard and can influence the group more
30
Q

What is status rank?

A
  • Who has the highest status in the group
  • Individual, group and culture factors
  • Example extroverts
  • Having the right skills for the group
31
Q

Person-group fit

A

Predictions have to account for attributes the individual has and how well it meshes with the group needs or wants

32
Q

How does attraction relation work in group?

A
  • Two dimensions, leader and follower as well as enemies and friends
  • Network of like and dislike among the members
  • Least like to most like
  • This network shows how people can get treated
33
Q

Network transivity

A

A likes B, B likes C so A likes C too

34
Q

Sociometric stars

A

Liked by many, if not all

35
Q

Balance theory

A
  • Some patterns of relationships in groups are more structurally sound, which groups strive for “a balance”
  • Unbalanced relations creates tension and stress, leads to changing some elements
  • On why group attraction relations lead to be reciprocal, transitive and homophilus
36
Q

What is communication relations?

A
  • How group members communicate with each other, shows how the dynamics of the group is
  • Different networks; a wheel, concon (all members get info, not a info center, good for complex tasks), chain )a info center, one person to the oher, good for simple tasks), circle (closed chain) and pinwheel(info flows one way)
37
Q

What is downward communications?

A
  • From leader to follower
  • Actions that needs to be taken
    Explanations
    Reasons
    Suggestions
    Feedback
38
Q

What is upward communications?

A
  • From follower to leaders
  • About your performance or others
  • Requests for more information
  • Complains
  • Questions about policies
39
Q

What is a social network analysis?

A
  • Used to see links in group, the informal ones
  • Presenting it visually
  • To see how communication flow in groups
  • To understand the group dynamics we need to understand the links between members
    Degree centrality: the number of ties between group members
    Betweenness: The distance or ties between members
    Holes: disconnections in communication networks, clusters or cliques

Grouppsychology (6 decks)

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