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Grouppsychology > Decision Making > Flashcards

Decision Making Flashcards

1
Q

Are groups better at making decisions?

A
  • Generally speaking yes, but better than individuals
  • You learn more in groups, and remember things more
  • Groups perceptions of others is more accurate
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2
Q

How does groups make decisions?-

A
  • No one reach a decision the exact way as other groups but there is a general process
  • O-D-D-I
  • Usually happen in this order but some phases can happen simultaneously or in different order
  • Following these steps makes it more likely to make better decisions
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3
Q

Orientation Phase

A
  • A problem that needs a solution
  • Planning the work
  • Goal Clarification
    Specify goals, what challenges might we face, who will we evaluate the work, whats the requirement to pass
  • Goal - Path Clarification
    How will we do the work, tasks and subtasks, how will we make decisions, organizing roles and explicit norm, milestones and deadlines
  • Shared understanding on everything that needs to be done?
  • Takes time but is more efficient long-term, better decisions etc
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4
Q

What are the problems with orientation phase?

A
  • Planning fallacy
  • Relying on previous experiences,
  • Wanna get started right away
  • Associate planning with something bad, or planning is boring
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5
Q

Discussion Phase

A
  • Communication of information between two or more people in a group
  • Expressing views, opinions, different perspectives
  • Gathering information and processing it more thoroughly together with others, asking questions, alternative options
  • Discussing improve the groups memory
  • Increases the quality of the groups decisions with information related to the task
  • Easier to identify errors and mistakes, time consuming
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6
Q

Information processing model

A

Assumes that people strive to make good decisions by getting the info needed and going through it thoroughly

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7
Q

Collective memory

A

A groups combined memories, alot of networks
- A group remember more things, and can specialize in different areas

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8
Q

Transactive memory system

A

Storing and retrieving information
- Team experience and trust

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9
Q

Cross- cuing

A
  • The enhancement of recall that occurs during discussions
  • Serving as cues to remember more things
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10
Q

What are the difficulties of discussions?

A
  • Requires motivation, skill and practice
  • Assume their skill is enough to discuss things
  • Relies on previous experiences
  • Groups are forgetful, especially without discussions
  • Same biases apply to groups as individuals, but amplified in groups
    (conformation bias, selective information gathering, social loafing)
  • Group members misunderstand each other
  • Problems during meetings
    Poor planning, lack of communication skills, egocentric behaviour etc
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11
Q

Decision Phase

A
  • You reached a decision, go to implementation
  • If not, go back a few stands
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12
Q

Social decision scheme

A

Combining individual input into one decisions and group members accept it
- Explicit or implicit processes

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13
Q

Averaging Scheme

A
  • Statistics
  • Computer draws the average of everyone´s input, accurate
  • No discussion, no benefits from that
  • Can be skewed
  • Lack of responsibility
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14
Q

Reaching consensus

A
  • Unanimous decision, happens different ways
  • High levels of commitment and task satisfaction
  • Takes time, can lead to misfire
  • Sensitive questions
  • Long term positive effects on effects
  • Holding back information
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15
Q

Voting Scheme

A
  • Majority wins, doesnt mean its always right
  • Publicly or in secret
  • Internal conflicts, not everyone can be satisfied
  • Group pressure
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16
Q

Delegation Scheme

A
  • Sharing decisions
  • One takes the decision and delegate the work to others
  • Outside expertise
  • Avoid responsibilities and blame others
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17
Q

Implementation Phase

A
  • Implement your decision
  • Evaluate the decision
18
Q

Social justice

A

Perceptions of the fairness of the decision, based on two types of justices

19
Q

Distributive justice

A

Perceived fairness of the distribution of rights, and resources and cost
- Did the exams get evaluated equally?

20
Q

Procedural justice

A

Perceived fairness and legitimacy of the methods used to make a decision, resolve conflicts and allocate resources
- Did the teacher correct the exam the right way?

21
Q

Whats perceived as a good implementation?

A
  • A successful implementation depends on both justices
    Personal views, fair procedures, everyone´s input, morally and ethically sound
  • Voice effect - engagement
  • Getting outside help if plan is faulty
  • Groups spend more time on unnecessary things than going over the decision
  • Overconfident
  • If the decision is wrong, tendency to deny responsibilities and blame others
22
Q

What are decisional biases?

A
  • Individual biases can get amplified in groups, thus making it harder to reach goals
  • Judgemental Biases, Shared information biases and Group polarization
23
Q

What is judgmental biases?

A
  • Failing to correct cognitive and emotional biases, clouds our judgments
    Use information inappropriately, form conclusions too quickly and overestimate our accuracy
  • Discussion, fully exploiting members experiences and expertise
  • Reward good decisions
24
Q

Sins of Commision

A

Misusing information, basing decisions on false or irrelevant information
- Belief perseverance
- Hindsight Bias
- Sunk Cost bias - reluctance to give up ones belief when youre too invested
- Extra-evidentiary bias - using information that has been told to not use

25
Q

Sins of omission

A

Failure to seek out information, overlooking useful information and no critical mindset
- Fundamental attributions error
- Conformation bias

26
Q

Sins of imprecision

A

Relying on readily, easy access, available information, oversimplifying the decision or introducing errors into the decision process
- Availability Heuristic
- Representative heuristic
- Conjunction bias - failing to recognize that the probability of two events occurring together will be less than the probability of just one event happening

27
Q

Shared information bias

A

The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing information that all people know and less time on examining information that only few know
- Happens often
- Hidden profile problem

28
Q

What causes shared information bias to happen?

A

Reflects the dual purposes of discussion
- Informational influence - sharing information to make decision
- Normative influence - influencing each others opinions on the matter
-People want to finish things quickly
- Personal preferences or motives
- External pressure, like deadlines

29
Q

Can shared information bias be avoided?

A
  • Shifts focus to unshared data with experience
  • Actively discuss their decisions and do it longer
  • Diversity of opinions
  • There are some tools
30
Q

Group polarization

A
  • The tendency to move toward the extreme outcome or choice, happen often in groups
  • Preliberation preferences
31
Q

Risky-shift effect

A

The tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals

32
Q

Cautions-shift effect

A

After discussing going for the less risky alternative in choice dilemmas questionnaire

33
Q

What does this shifts do?

A
  • Change members attitudes, beliefs, vies, judgements and perceptions
  • The direction of the shift depends on individuals initial preferences
  • Push away from the center
34
Q

What are the causes of polarization?

A
  • Social influence processes
  • Social comparison
  • Persuasive arguments
  • Social Identity
35
Q

What are the consequences of polarization?

A
  • Can yield positive effect, individual and group efficacy
  • Encourage the strengthening of positions within the group that goes unexpressed or is suppressed
  • Discussions, make use of diversity, experienced members
36
Q

Groupthink

A

A mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive group
- Striving for unity over logic, wanting to agree with everyone else

37
Q

What are the symptoms of groupthink?

A

Overestimation of the group
- We are doing just fine while titanic is sinking
Closed-mindedness
- Not open for new ideas of perspectives
- Collective rationalization through shared justifications
- Stereotyping
Pressure toward Uniformity
- Everyone on the same side or else
- Self-censorship
- Illusion of unamity
- Social pressure

38
Q

Illusions of invulnerability

A

Thinking youre doing well but youre not
Assurances and confidence from group

39
Q

Illusions of morality

A

The members believe in the group and its choices

40
Q

Mindguard

A

A group member that shields the group from negative or controversial information

41
Q

What are the causes for groupthink?

A
  • Faulty decision making strategies of the group
  • Cohesiveness: critical thinking isnt needed
  • Structural faults_ inhibiting information flow, isolating the group from others, leadership style
  • Provocative situational context: relieve stress through group discussion, choosing something quickly

Grouppsychology (6 decks)

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