Structural Organisation & Cells

Question 1

What are the 3 main parts of cellular structure

Answer 1

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

Question 2

Which phase of the cell life cycle is responsible for growth and development

Answer 2

Interphase

Question 3

Which process refers to the physical cleaving of the mother cell into two, separate daughter cells

Answer 3

Cytokinesis

Question 4

Oxygen is made from the same atom (O) but there is multiple atoms involved (o2). What is this known as

Answer 4

Molecule

Question 5

According to Bouchard et al., (1999), how much V02,max training response is accounted for by heritability

Answer 5

47%

Question 6

Which enzyme is used as a surrogate of mitochondrial content

Answer 6

Citrate synthase

Question 7

Granata et al., (2016) show that mitochondrial function (respiration) is affected by which training principle?

Answer 7

Intensity

Question 8

Satellite cells are which kind of cell

Answer 8

Stem cell

Question 9

What is required to ‘activate’ satellite cells from their ‘resting’ state

Answer 9

Muscle trauma

Question 10

What do satellite cells donate to muscle fibres during fusion?

Answer 10

Nucleus

Question 11

What does the term hyperplasia refer to

Answer 11

Increase in the number of cells

Question 12

outline the features of the chemical level

Answer 12

basic building block, substance is single atom, combination of two atoms or substances made from two or more elements.

Question 13

What is the chronological order for the structural organisation of the body?

Answer 13

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ and system

Question 14

outline the features of the tissue level

Answer 14

tissues are formed from a community of many similar cells, 4 main types of tissue.
connective tissue- connects, supports and protect organs
Epithelial- covers surfaces, lines organs & forms glands
Nervous tissue- carries information from one part of the body to another
Muscle tissue- contracts when excited, causes movement

Question 15

outline the features of the organ level

Answer 15

formed from two or more tissue types, distinct shapes, structure and functions, 10 considered vital- skin, brain, heart, kidney, liver, pancreas, stomach, small and large intestine and lungs

Question 16

outline the features of the system level

Answer 16

organs working together= physiological system
work to perform major physiological functions and meet physiological demands
single organ can be involved in more than one system, systems communicate with and influence one another

Question 17

Define cytoplasm

Answer 17

collective term for all cellular contents between the membrane and nucleus, intercellular fluid, contains dissolved solutes and particles

Question 18

define both smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 18

transport network system, RER= studded with ribosomes and involved in creation of proteins, smooth is involved in creation of lipids.

Question 19

define sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 19

type of smooth ER, which aids muscle contraction

Question 20

what occurs in interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis

Answer 20

Interphase- DNA is copied, Mitosis- DNA is split into two daughter cells, Cytokinesis- parent cell is cleaved in half

Question 21

Define both Apoptosis and Necrosis

Answer 21

Apoptosis- genetically programmed death
Necrosis- pathological process of cell death

Question 22

outline the features and process of satellite cells

Answer 22

stem cells located on periphery of muscle fibres
crucial for regeneration & growth of skeletal muscle
in normal, homeostatic conditions- satellite cells are QUISCENT- inactive and not undergoing a typical cell life cycle of growth and division, remain in this G0 phase of life cycle
only when activated that they re-enter the life cycle, mainly activated by exercise induced MYOTRAUMA or trauma from pathological conditions