Endocrine & Immune System & Integrative Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define immunology and specialised cells and molecules involved

A

study of the anatomy and function of the specialised cells and molecules that make up the immune system
Spleen, Tonsils, Lymph nodes, Lymphatic vessels and capillaries, bone marrow

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2
Q

Outline the human immune response to invasion

A

Innate- 1st and 2nd defence line
Adaptive- 3rd defence line

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3
Q

explain the features of the 1st line of defence

A

Skin- shields against infection
Mucus & cillia- cilla sweep the mucus into the throat for coughing or swallowing
Saliva- immunoglobins ( lysozymes and antibodies) chemicals contains
Stomach- bacteria broken down by acids

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4
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

cells that can engulf and digest pathogens to stop them causing damage.
Macdrophages or neutrophils

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5
Q

Outline oxygen uptake during exercise

A

Reflects integrative ability to deliver oxygenated blood to working tissues
Oxygen consumption reflects aerobic metabolism

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6
Q

What is the Fick Equation

A

Product of cardiac output (Q) and the differences between arterial and venous oxygen content at the capillary (a-vO2 diff) allows calculation of VO2
VO2=Q X a-vO2diff
Q= stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)
Cardiac Output- central component - oxygen delivery
a-vo2 diff- peripheral component - oxygen extraction

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7
Q

Define maximal oxygen uptake

A

highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilised by the working muscles during severe exercise
the ‘upper limit’ of oxygen uptake during exercise

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8
Q

How is maximal oxygen uptake measured

A

Treadmill/ bike- exercise test with a progressive intensity
oxygen uptake will increase in line with intensity - until a further increase in work does not elevate o2 consumption

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9
Q

What are the two types in regards to general procedure of O2 uptake

A

Discontinuous- separate exercise stage (3-5), intensity increased each stage, oxygen consumption measured at the end of each one
Incremental Ramp- continuous test, intensity increases more subtly, O2 consumption measured continuously

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10
Q

How is maximal oxygen uptake measured

A

Absolute Units - Litres per minute (L-min-1)
Relative Units - Millilitres per Kilogram per minute (mL-kg1-min-1)

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11
Q

Why is it useful to measure maximal oxygen uptake

A

classification of athletes, determinant of endurance, prescription of training
Cardiac Output is primary in healthy subjects

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12
Q

what are the limiting factors of oxygen uptake

A

Saturation of arterial blood with oxygen
Cardiac output (Co)- primarily stroke volume
Extraction/diffusion of oxygen into mitochondria, capillary density, mitochondrial enzymes
Amount of red blood cells/ haemoglobin

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