Structural Levels Flashcards
What are the ascending structural levels in the body?
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
What 6 elements make up 99% of the body?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Calcium
Phosphorus
What is the cytoplasm?
The semi-fluid interior of a cell
What is the nucleus?
Contains the chromosomes and controls all cellular activity
What is the cell membrane?
A double phospholipid layer containing proteins which control in/out of the cell and allow interaction with the environment
What are mitochondria?
Converts glucose into ATP to fuel cellular processes
What are ribosomes?
Read RNA to assemble amino acids into proteins
What are lysosomes?
Organelles that break down and remove unwanted substances and invaders in the cell
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Receives, sorts, modifies and transports proteins/molecules
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth ER produces lipids, detoxify toxins and transport proteins made by rough ER
Rough ER has ribosomes and produces proteins
What is the DNA double helix made up of?
Nucleotides: deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Adenine and thymine
Cytosine and guanine
How does the double helix stick together?
Nitrogenous bases pair via hydrogen bonds
A-T and C-G
What is the general structure of epithelial tissue?
Tightly packed cells in layers
What is the general function of epithelial tissue?
Protect underlying tissue from damage, dehydration and pathogens
Absorb/secrete substances
Sensory purposes
What are the shape types of epithelial tissue?
Squamous: flat and scaly
Cuboidal
Columnar
What are the arrangement types of epithelial tissue?
Simple: single layer
Stratified: multi layer
What is the general function of connective tissue?
To provide support, connect and protect
Structural support is given in the form of maintaining shape, position and giving strength
Allowed for voluntary movement
What is the general structure of connective tissue?
Cells dispersed in an extra cellular matrix with elastin and collagen
What are 3 outlier functions of connective tissue?
Transport (blood)
Storage (fat stores energy)
Defence (contain immune cells)
What are the 6 types of connective tissue?
Loose connective
Dense connective
Adipose
Bone
Blood
Cartilage
What is the general function of muscle?
Allows movement and force
What is the general structure of muscle?
Fibres containing actin and myosin which interact to produce contraction
May be striated (contain contractile proteins within fibres) or non-striated
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal: attached to bone to produce voluntary movement (striated)
Cardiac: involuntary contraction of the heart to pump blood (striated)
Smooth: in organs to allow involuntary movement (non-striated)
What is the general function of nervous tissue?
To send and receive signals
Communication, control, sensory, process information
What is the structure of a neuron?
The soma (cell body) contains the nucleus
Dendrites project from the soma and receive information
Axon (tail) extends from soma and sends signals
How is a signal received/sent from neuron?
Dendrites receive neurotransmitter signal
Processed by the soma
Sent along the axon as an electrochemical signal which causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synapse
What is an organ?
Two or more tissues
Self contained with a specific function
May be hollow or solid
What is an organism?
A whole being
(Must perform MRS GREN by definition)
What are the 3 layers of an artery?
Tunica adventitia: fibroids outer to protect
Tunica media: muscle middle for strength and tone
Tunica intimae: smooth inner for flow
