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Health Status > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose/mouth
Pharynx
Larynx

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2
Q

What structures make up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli

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3
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

Pathway for air that does not participate in gas exchange

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4
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Parts of the airway that participate in gas exchange

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5
Q

What function does the nasal cavity have?

A

Warm and humidify air
Capture pathogens

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of the tracheal cartilage?

A

C-shaped rings with opening on posterior side
Trachealis muscles bridge gap
Provides structure
Prevents collapse on inspiration
Allows expansion of trachea (breathing) and oesophagus (swallowing)

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7
Q

How many lobes in each lung?

A

3 on the right
2 on the left

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8
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Lungs encased in pleura
Inner visceral layer adhered to lungs
Outer parietal layer adhered to chest wall
Pleural cavity between contains lubricant

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9
Q

Why are angles of main bronchi significant?

A

The right main is wider, shorter and more vertical (due to # lobes)
This bronchi is easier to access

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10
Q

What are bronchiole walls made of?

A

Smooth muscle (dilate and constrict)
Elastic fibres
Epithelial cells
Goblet cells produce mucus to trap pathogens and cilia help to eject via cough

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11
Q

What are terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

A

Terminal conduct air but do not have alveoli
Respiratory are the transition zone between conducting and respiratory zones and have alveoli

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12
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

Viral mediated inflammation and excess mucous in bronchioles
Lower airway obstruction and reduced gas exchange

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13
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Small sacs of lungs where gas exchange occurs
Wrapped in pulmonary capillaries
Lined with surfactant to keep open

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14
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Bacterial or viral lung infection
Affect alveoli as fluid, immune cells and debri accumulate in them and become solid
SX of ARDS and infection

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15
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Physical act of breathing
Inhalation phase, static phase and exhalation phase

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16
Q

How does inhalation happen?

A

Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Intercostals contract moving ribs out
Thoracic volume increases and pressure decreases
Air rushes in
Active process

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17
Q

How does exhalation happen?

A

Muscles relax
Thoracic volume decreases and pressure increases
Air is forced out
Passive process

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18
Q

What accessory muscles help with conscious breathing?

A

Sternocleidomastoid (sternum, clavicle) - deep inhalation
Abdominal (diaphragm) - forced expiration
Pectoris minor (chest) - deep inhalation
Quadratics lumborum (diaphragm)

19
Q

What is I:E ratio?

A

The inspiratory:expiratory ratio
How much time is spent breathing in and breathing out
Normally 1:2
Longer expiration to ensure CO2 removal

20
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The total amount of air lungs can hold = 6L
Includes vital capacity and residual volume

21
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume remaining in lungs after forced expiration
Keeps alveoli open

22
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume breathed in/out per breath

23
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional amount of air above a TV that can be forcefully inhaled

24
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional amount of air above a TV that can be forcefully exhaled

25
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Maximum inhalation total
TV + IRV

26
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Total volume remaining in lungs after a normal exhalation
ERV + RV

27
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum amount of air that can be moved by the lungs
TV + IRV + ERV

28
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Exchange between blood and lung
PO2 of air > PO2 of blood so O2 enters blood (oxyhaemoglobin forms)
PCO2 of air < PCO2 of blood so CO2 enters lungs

29
Q

What factors facilitate external respiration?

A

Thin alveoli wall
Alveoli provides high SA
Moist environment
Close proximity of pulmonary capillaries = short diffusion distance

30
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Exchange between blood and body tissue
PO2 of blood > PO2 of tissue so O2 moves into tissue
PCO2 of blood < PCO2 of tissue so CO2 moves into blood (carbaminohaemoglobin)

31
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

Emboli blocks an artery in the lungs
Reduced gas exchange, blood supply and strain on the right heart

32
Q

How does the paediatric respiratory system differ?

A

High metabolic rate = high O2 demand
Reduced tolerance of hypoxia
Large occipital may obstruct trachea if neck bent
Large tongue can occlude
Narrow trachea means easily closed off
Intercostals are inefficient so rely on diaphragm which can tire easily

33
Q

How do geriatrics respiratory system differ?

A

Increased mucous production
Reduced respiratory muscle = reduced exercise tolerance and reduced cough
Reduced gag reflex = reduced cough
Alveoli and CVS deteriorate = reduced gas exchange
Weak immunity + reduced cough + reduced gag = infection issues

34
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic condition exacerbated by a trigger
Airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction and mucous production
Key SX: wheeze on expiration

35
Q

What causes wheeze auscultation?

A

Narrow airways causes airflow to be turbulent and higher velocity which creates a vibration producing high pitched whistle

36
Q

What is gas trapping?

A

Exhalation is incomplete
Person inhales more than they can exhale
This causes residual air to be left in the alveoli which prevents new oxygenated air from entering
Lungs become hyper-inflated and the increased pressure then affects the heart and vessels

37
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A

SOB
Wheeze (mainly expiration)
Cough (dry/small mucus)
Tachypnoea

38
Q

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

Group of chronic lung diseases caused by airway irritation which results in inflammation and airway remodelling (thick wall, scarred, hypertrophy of mucus glands)

Bronchitis: inflamed, mucous blocked bronchi with reduced cilia
Emphysema: reduced alveoli

39
Q

What are symptoms of COPD?

A

SOB
Productive cough
Wheeze
Ronchi auscultation (low pitch continual breath sounds like snoring)
Fatigue
Recurrent infection

40
Q

What is laryngotracheobronchitis?

A

Croup
Viral infection in young children causing inflammation, mucous and leaking vessels (oedema) in the larynx, trachea and bronchi

41
Q

What are the SX of croup?

A

Barking cough
Hoarse
Strider (high pitch inspiration)
Respiratory distress
Fever

42
Q

What is a pneumothorax / haemothorax?

A

Air/blood in the pleural cavity reducing lung function

(If air moves in and out with breathing = simple pneumothorax)

43
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A

Entry point of air opens on inspiration but closes on expiration so the volume keeps increasing
This causes lung to collapse and mediastinal shift which compresses the other lung, heart and vessels
SX: pain, SOB, cyanosis, tachycardia, hypotension, trachea deviation, distended neck veins

Health Status (15 decks)

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