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Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose/mouth
Pharynx
Larynx

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2
Q

What structures make up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli

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3
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

Pathway for air that does not participate in gas exchange

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4
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Parts of the airway that participate in gas exchange

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5
Q

What function does the nasal cavity have?

A

Warm and humidify air
Capture pathogens

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of the tracheal cartilage?

A

C-shaped rings with opening on posterior side
Trachealis muscles bridge gap
Provides structure
Prevents collapse on inspiration
Allows expansion of trachea (breathing) and oesophagus (swallowing)

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7
Q

How many lobes in each lung?

A

3 on the right
2 on the left

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8
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Lungs encased in pleura
Inner visceral layer adhered to lungs
Outer parietal layer adhered to chest wall
Pleural cavity between contains lubricant

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9
Q

Why are angles of main bronchi significant?

A

The right main is wider, shorter and more vertical (due to # lobes)
This bronchi is easier to access

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10
Q

What are bronchiole walls made of?

A

Smooth muscle (dilate and constrict)
Elastic fibres
Epithelial cells
Goblet cells produce mucus to trap pathogens and cilia help to eject via cough

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11
Q

What are terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

A

Terminal conduct air but do not have alveoli
Respiratory are the transition zone between conducting and respiratory zones and have alveoli

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12
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

Viral mediated inflammation and excess mucous in bronchioles
Lower airway obstruction and reduced gas exchange

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13
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Small sacs of lungs where gas exchange occurs
Wrapped in pulmonary capillaries
Lined with surfactant to keep open

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14
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Bacterial or viral lung infection
Affect alveoli as fluid, immune cells and debri accumulate in them and become solid
SX of ARDS and infection

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15
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Physical act of breathing
Inhalation phase, static phase and exhalation phase

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16
Q

How does inhalation happen?

A

Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Intercostals contract moving ribs out
Thoracic volume increases and pressure decreases
Air rushes in
Active process

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17
Q

How does exhalation happen?

A

Muscles relax
Thoracic volume decreases and pressure increases
Air is forced out
Passive process

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18
Q

What accessory muscles help with conscious breathing?

A

Sternocleidomastoid (sternum, clavicle) - deep inhalation
Abdominal (diaphragm) - forced expiration
Pectoris minor (chest) - deep inhalation
Quadratics lumborum (diaphragm)

19
Q

What is I:E ratio?

A

The inspiratory:expiratory ratio
How much time is spent breathing in and breathing out
Normally 1:2
Longer expiration to ensure CO2 removal

20
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The total amount of air lungs can hold = 6L
Includes vital capacity and residual volume

21
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume remaining in lungs after forced expiration
Keeps alveoli open

22
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume breathed in/out per breath

23
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional amount of air above a TV that can be forcefully inhaled

24
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional amount of air above a TV that can be forcefully exhaled

25
What is inspiratory capacity?
Maximum inhalation total TV + IRV
26
What is functional residual capacity?
Total volume remaining in lungs after a normal exhalation ERV + RV
27
What is vital capacity?
Maximum amount of air that can be moved by the lungs TV + IRV + ERV
28
What is external respiration?
Exchange between blood and lung PO2 of air > PO2 of blood so O2 enters blood (oxyhaemoglobin forms) PCO2 of air < PCO2 of blood so CO2 enters lungs
29
What factors facilitate external respiration?
Thin alveoli wall Alveoli provides high SA Moist environment Close proximity of pulmonary capillaries = short diffusion distance
30
What is internal respiration?
Exchange between blood and body tissue PO2 of blood > PO2 of tissue so O2 moves into tissue PCO2 of blood < PCO2 of tissue so CO2 moves into blood (carbaminohaemoglobin)
31
What is a pulmonary embolism?
Emboli blocks an artery in the lungs Reduced gas exchange, blood supply and strain on the right heart
32
How does the paediatric respiratory system differ?
High metabolic rate = high O2 demand Reduced tolerance of hypoxia Large occipital may obstruct trachea if neck bent Large tongue can occlude Narrow trachea means easily closed off Intercostals are inefficient so rely on diaphragm which can tire easily
33
How do geriatrics respiratory system differ?
Increased mucous production Reduced respiratory muscle = reduced exercise tolerance and reduced cough Reduced gag reflex = reduced cough Alveoli and CVS deteriorate = reduced gas exchange Weak immunity + reduced cough + reduced gag = infection issues
34
What is asthma?
Chronic condition exacerbated by a trigger Airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction and mucous production Key SX: wheeze on expiration
35
What causes wheeze auscultation?
Narrow airways causes airflow to be turbulent and higher velocity which creates a vibration producing high pitched whistle
36
What is gas trapping?
Exhalation is incomplete Person inhales more than they can exhale This causes residual air to be left in the alveoli which prevents new oxygenated air from entering Lungs become hyper-inflated and the increased pressure then affects the heart and vessels
37
What are the symptoms of asthma?
SOB Wheeze (mainly expiration) Cough (dry/small mucus) Tachypnoea
38
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Group of chronic lung diseases caused by airway irritation which results in inflammation and airway remodelling (thick wall, scarred, hypertrophy of mucus glands) Bronchitis: inflamed, mucous blocked bronchi with reduced cilia Emphysema: reduced alveoli
39
What are symptoms of COPD?
SOB Productive cough Wheeze Ronchi auscultation (low pitch continual breath sounds like snoring) Fatigue Recurrent infection
40
What is laryngotracheobronchitis?
Croup Viral infection in young children causing inflammation, mucous and leaking vessels (oedema) in the larynx, trachea and bronchi
41
What are the SX of croup?
Barking cough Hoarse Strider (high pitch inspiration) Respiratory distress Fever
42
What is a pneumothorax / haemothorax?
Air/blood in the pleural cavity reducing lung function (If air moves in and out with breathing = simple pneumothorax)
43
What is a tension pneumothorax?
Entry point of air opens on inspiration but closes on expiration so the volume keeps increasing This causes lung to collapse and mediastinal shift which compresses the other lung, heart and vessels SX: pain, SOB, cyanosis, tachycardia, hypotension, trachea deviation, distended neck veins

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