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Health Status > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

How does the endocrine system send messages?

A

Hormones sent to target cells

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2
Q

How does the rate of effect of the endocrine system compare to the nervous system?

A

It is much slower and often has a longer affect

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3
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

Epithalamus region of brain

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4
Q

What cells make up the pineal gland and what special function do they have?

A

Pinealocytes
Produce and release melatonin

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5
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythm
Produces melatonin
Influences the release of LH and FSH

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6
Q

What influences melatonin production and release?

A

Influenced by hypothalamus in response to light information
In low level light the pineal gland will secrete more melatonin = sleep

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7
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

At the base of the brain within sella turcica

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8
Q

What is the general function of the pituitary gland?

A

Controls other endocrine glands by releasing hormones targeting them

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9
Q

How many lobes make up the pituitary gland?

A

Two: posterior and anterior

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10
Q

What 5 hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

Growth hormone (growth and development)
Prolactin (breast milk and reproduction)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (tells adrenal to release cortisol)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (controls thyroid hormone release)
Follicle stimulating hormone + luteinising hormone (gonad function)

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11
Q

What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

Does not produce hormones itself - it stores and releases hormones from hypothalamus
Oxytocin (birth, milk, emotional bond)
Antidiuretic hormone (water balance/BP)

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12
Q

What is the general function of the hypothalamus?

A

Link the nervous and endocrine system
Regulate autonomic processes
Integrate signals
Produce/release hormones to stimulate anterior pituitary

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13
Q

What 4 hormones are released from the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (release FSH + LH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (release ACTH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (release TSH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GH)

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14
Q

What is the general function of the thyroid gland?

A

Regulate metabolism
Regulate growth and development
Maintenance of homeostasis

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15
Q

How many lobes make up the thyroid gland?

A

Two: left and right
Separated by narrow band called isthmus

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16
Q

What cells make up the thyroid gland?

A

Follicular cells which produce/store hormones

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17
Q

What hormones are produced in the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine (composed of iodine, controlled by pituitary TSH)
Triiodothyronine (composed of iodine, controlled by pituitary TSH)
Calcitonin (regulates blood calcium level by reducing bone break down/kidney excretion)

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18
Q

What is the line of control for thyroid hormones?

A

Hypothalamus: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates pituitary gland
Pituitary gland: thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates thyroid
Thyroid: thyroxine and triiodothyronine released

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19
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland?

A

4 small glands embedded in thyroid gland

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20
Q

What cells make up the parathyroid gland?

A

Chief cells = parathyroid hormone
Oxyphil cells

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21
Q

What is the general function of the parathyroid glands?

A

Regulate phosphate and calcium levels

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22
Q

How does the parathyroid gland regulate calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels
Targets bone to release calcium
Targets kidney to reabsorb calcium
Targets intestine to activate vitamin D (increased Ca absorption)

23
Q

Where is the thymus gland located?

A

In upper chest between lung and sternum

24
Q

What is the general function of the thymus gland?

A

Develop/mature T-lymphocyte cells made in the bone marrow
Secretes thymosin hormone to support T cells
More active in childhood

25
Q

What is the function of the adrenal cortex?

A

Produces aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) to regulate electrolyte balance and BP
Targets kidney to increase Na and decrease K

26
Q

What is the function of the middle adrenal gland layer?

A

Produce cortisol (glucocorticoid)
Metabolism and stress response

27
Q

What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

A

Produce adrenaline + noradrenaline (catecholamine)
Sympathetic nervous system response

28
Q

What is the line of control of the adrenal glands?

A

Hypothalamus: corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates pituitary gland
Pituitary gland: adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates adrenal gland
Adrenal gland: releases cortisol

29
Q

What is the difference between an endocrine and exocrine gland?

A

Endocrine secretes into blood stream
Exocrine secretes elsewhere

30
Q

What is the general function of the pancreas?

A

Secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine
Controls blood sugar levels

31
Q

How does the pancreas control blood sugar level?

A

High: beta cells secrete insulin to open gated-glucose-channels to allow cells to uptake glucose and promotes storage as glycogen in the liver

Low: alpha cells secrete glucagon to stimulate liver to release store glycogen into blood

32
Q

What is the general function of the gonads?

A

Produce gametes (ova + sperm) and sex hormones

33
Q

What is the line of control of the gonads?

A

Hypothalamus: gonadotropic-releasing hormone stimulates pituitary gland
Pituitary: FSH + LH stimulates the gonads
Gonads: estrogen, progesterone and testosterone

34
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

Overactive parathyroid gland
High PTH and Ca

SX: tired, weak, kidney stone, polyuria, bone pain

35
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism?

A

Under active parathyroid gland
Low PTH
SX: cramps, tired, moody, dry skin, tingling extremities

36
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Under active thyroid
Low TH
SX: fatigue, cold, weight gain, depression, dry skin

37
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

Overactive thyroid gland
High TH
SX: weight loss, tachycardia, heat intolerance, sweating, trembling

38
Q

What is Cushing syndrome?

A

Overactive adrenal gland
High cortisol
SX: weight gain, thin skin, high BP, weak, moody

39
Q

What is Addison disease?

A

Under active adrenal gland
Low cortisol
SX: weight loss, fatigue, low BP, weak, darkened skin, salt craving

40
Q

What is hypopituitarism?

A

Reduced pituitary hormones
SX: tired, reduced sex drive, reduced fertility, weight change

41
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

High or altered ADH function
SX: excessive thirst and urination, electrolyte imbalance, dehydration

42
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

A hormone and NT produced in the adrenal medulla for a sympathetic response

43
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Made in the hypothalamus + stored in the pituitary gland
Regulates water balance by targeting the kidneys to reabsorb more/less water

44
Q

What is Type 1 DM?

A

Autoimmune disorder where beta cells of pancreas are attacked resulting in low insulin levels
SX: polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, weak, hungry, blurred vision, moody, recurrent infections

45
Q

What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Low or insufficient insulin levels leads to body breaking down fat for energy with the byproduct being ketones. Ketones are acidic so cause metabolic acidosis

TX: insulin, fluid and electrolytes

46
Q

What is Type 2 DM?

A

Insufficient levels of insulin produced and/or cells become resistant to insulin
Caused by lifestyle factors

47
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Hormones interfere with insulin activity and the pancreas isn’t producing enough insulin to overcome this (because insulin resistance is normal in pregnancy to support BGL of baby and mother)

COMP: big baby, baby low BGL postnatal, high risk pre-term birth, high BP, preeclampsia, risk of mother developing T2DM later

48
Q

What is normal blood sugar levels?

A

4-8 mmol/L

49
Q

How does the endocrine system differ in paediatrics?

A

Reduced glycogen stores (underdeveloped liver)
High glucose demand due to metabolic activity
Hormones important for development

50
Q

How does the geriatric endocrine system differ?

A

Reduced pituitary function
Less growth hormones
Reduced appetite = malnourished
Fertility lessened
Reduced insulin function marginally increases BGL
Reduced thyroid function = reduced metabolic activity

51
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

A

Blood sugar level < 4 mmol/L

52
Q

What are the SX of hypoglycaemia?

A

Shaking
Sweating
Palpitations or tachycardia
Weak/fatigue
Hunger/craving
Irritable/anxious
Dizzy
Confused/reduced concentration
Blurred vision
Headache
Tingles or numbness
Severe: ALOC, disorientated, seizure, dysphasia, one-sided weakness, coma, death

53
Q

What are the treatment options for hypoglycaemia?

A

Glucose oral paste
IV dextrose
IM glucagon

Health Status (15 decks)

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