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Health Status > Life And Death > Flashcards

Life And Death Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The tendency of the body to establish and maintain a relatively stable equilibrium
Autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

What receptors detect changes in blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptors

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3
Q

What receptors detect changes in carbon dioxide levels?

A

Chemoreceptors

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4
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

Responds to an abnormal change and acts to restore homeostasis
Opposes the change

E.g. temperature, blood pressure

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5
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

Acts to amplify the change. Has built in termination mechanisms

E.g. uterine contractions, blood clotting

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6
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do ‘work’
Cannot be created or destroyed

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7
Q

What are the two main types of energy?

A

Potential which is stored (e.g. gravitational potential energy, elastic energy)
Kinetic which is moving (e.g. thermal energy is the movement of particles)

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8
Q

What is chemical energy and an example in the body?

A

Energy stored (PE) in bonds of molecules

Released when glucose is metabolised

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9
Q

What is mechanical energy and an example in the body?

A

Associated with movement (KE)

Muscles contracting from ATP

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10
Q

What is thermal energy and an example in the body?

A

The movement (KE) of particles due to temperature

Body produces heat from metabolism

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11
Q

What is an example of electrical energy in the body?

A

Transmission of electrical signals along neurons

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12
Q

What is an example of light energy in the body?

A

Cells in the retina receive light energy and convert into electrical signals for the brain

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13
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

Energy consuming reaction to create molecules

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14
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

Energy generating reaction by breaking down molecules
(Glucose broken down to produce ATP)

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15
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
A passive process

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16
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane to balance the concentration on each side.
A passive process

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17
Q

What is a cell membrane channel protein?

A

A ‘pore’ in the membrane which allows movement of specific molecules/ions
A passive transport process that relies on a gradient
5 types of channel proteins that respond to various triggers

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18
Q

What is a cell membrane carrier protein?

A

A protein which changes shape to then allow entry of specific molecules/ions
A process which requires energy and can move against the gradient
These proteins can perform passive transport also

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19
Q

What is a non-gated channel protein?

A

Always open

20
Q

What is a voltage-gated channel protein?

A

Responds to a change in the voltage across the membrane

21
Q

What is a ligand-gated channel protein?

A

Responds to a chemical messenger binding to it first

22
Q

What is a signal-gated channel protein?

A

Responds to a signal from within the cell

23
Q

What is a mechanically-gated channel protein?

A

Responds to a change in pressure

24
Q

What are the 6 causes of disease?

A

Pathogens
Iatrogenic
Toxins
Cellular adaptation/cancer
Genetic inheritance
Mental/emotional

25
Q

How do pathogens cause disease?

A

Infectious microbes colonises the body
Bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite

26
Q

How can bacteria cause disease?

A

Growth creates a mass that interferes with normal function
Produce/excrete toxin
Invade and damage tissues/cells

27
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

They destroy host cells

28
Q

How do fungi cause disease?

A

Toxic ingestion
Allergic reaction
Parasitic infection

29
Q

What is iatrogenic disease?

A

Disease caused by medical intervention

30
Q

How do toxins cause disease?

A

There is a dose at which any substance is harmful
LD50 is the median lethal dose of a substance (the minimum concentration to cause death in 50% of patients)

31
Q

What is the difference between a poison and a toxin?

A

A poison is a chemical substance that can cause harm
A toxin is a chemical substance produced by a living organism

32
Q

What is cellular adaptation?

A

A normal physiological response where cells change in response to stimulus like environmental changes

33
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer occurs when cellular adaptation becomes unregulated and so the cells proliferate uncontrollably damaging nearby tissue and metastasising.
Cancer is a result of genetic mutation

34
Q

What are neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells?

A

Neoplastic: new cells grow
Non-neoplastic: existing cells change via hypertrophy, dysplasia, hyperplasia, atrophy or metaplasia

35
Q

What is cell hypertrophy?

A

Increase in cell size due to increased load/stress

36
Q

What is cell atrophy?

A

Reduced cell size or number due to reduced load, stimulus to grow or reduced blood supply

37
Q

What is cell hyperplasia?

A

Increased cell number in response to increased demand or stimulus

38
Q

What is cell dysplasia?

A

Changed shape, size or organisation of cells (precancer)

39
Q

What is cell metaplasia?

A

A reversible change where the usual cell type is replaced by another, better suited cell type.
Usually from irritation

40
Q

What happens with genetic inheritance?

A

Genetic mutation: Parent has a gene mutation that is passed down
Altered protein production: Gene mutation = code for protein = abnormal protein produced
Cellular dysfunction: Abnormal protein leads to abnormal cell processes
Tissue/organ dysfunction: Abnormal protein may have been essential to tissue/organ function
Disease manifestation

41
Q

How does emotional stress cause disease?

A

It doesn’t cause disease but significantly influences it
Prolonged stress increases cortisol which causes inflammation, lowers immunity and increases susceptibility

42
Q

What are the 5 dimensions of development?

A

Physical
Social
Emotional
Cognitive
Language

43
Q

What is the definition of death?

A

The irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory function

44
Q

What is senescence?

A

The natural aging death
Factors include cell damage, telomere shortening, reduced organ function, reduced immunity, hormonal change etc

45
Q

What is a telomere?

A

The protective caps on chromosomes which shorten with each cell division

Health Status (15 decks)

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