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Neuroscience > Stroke > Flashcards

Stroke Flashcards

1
Q

Give a definition of neurodegeneration?

A

progressive damage/death of neurons leading to gradual deterioration of bodily functions controlled by the affected part of CNS.

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2
Q

Strokes are an example of ________ neurodegeneration, whereas Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s are examples of __________ neurodegeneration

A

Stroke = acute
Huntington’s, Parkinson’s Alzheimer’s = chronic

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3
Q

What are 4 main causes of brain damage?

A

genetics
trauma
tumor
alterations in blood flow

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4
Q

Cerebral stroke is essentially the _______ of a cerebral artery, leading to ______ of ________. Stroke symptoms are dependent on the __________ of the blood flow disruption.

A

blockage of cerebral artery causes death of neurons.
symptoms are dependent on brain location of the blood flow disruption

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5
Q

In the UK there are roughly ___-____ strokes per 100,000 people. It is the ___ most common cause of death and the ___ most common cause of disability

A

250-400 per 100,000
3rd most common cause of death
1st most common cause of disablity

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6
Q

What are the two main types of strokes?

A

Ischemic and Hemorrhagic

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7
Q

Ischemic strokes make up __% of cases whereas Hemorrhagic strokes make up ___% of cases.
A 80% for Ischemic, 20% for Hemorrhagic
B 30 % for Ischemic, 70% for Hemorrhagic
C 70 % for Ischemic, 30% for Hemorrhagic
D 20% for Ischemic, 80% for Hemorrhagic

A

A 80% then 20%

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8
Q

What is the main distinction between Ischemic strokes and Hemorrhagic strokes?

A

Ischemic = deprivation of blood to brain area
Hemorrhagic = aneurysm, leading to excessive brain blead

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9
Q

One main risk factor for strokes is ____, however strokes can happen at every ____.

A

age

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10
Q

_ in _ strokes occur in working adults

A

1 in 4

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11
Q

What 5 main factors increase the risk of having a stroke?

A

Age
medical conditions - cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes
lifestyle choices
family history and ethnicity
women - pregnancy and birth control

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12
Q

Clinical symptoms of a stroke are _____ in their onset. They include one sided ______ ________/______, confusion, loss of _____ and ______, headache, and finally loss of ___________.

A

One sided limb weakness/paralysis, confusion, loss of speech and vison, headache, and loss of consciousness.

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13
Q

Severity and type of symptoms are determined by the ______ and ______ of cell loss

A

size and location

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14
Q

Cognitive impairment symptoms as a result of a stroke include what 5 symptoms?

A

amnesia
inattention
confusion
depression
mood and behaviour changes

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15
Q

One long lasting mental health consequence of a stroke is _________

A

depression/post stroke depression

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16
Q

People with Post Stroke depression differ from those with normal depression, as they have more _________ impairment and _____________ slowing, as well as changes in _______ and becoming more __________

A

more cognitive impairment and psychomotor slowing
mood changes and becoming more irritable

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17
Q

Transient ischemic strokes are known as ______ strokes or ______ strokes. There is a __% chance of having a full stroke within 90 days.

A

mini stroke or silent stroke
10% chance of having subsequent full stroke

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18
Q

True or false, Trans Ischemic Attacks have no visible symptoms?

A

True

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19
Q

As time develops after a Ischemic stroke the ____ affected area eventually fills out into the ______

A

core area expands into penumbra

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20
Q

The penumbra has ___-______ blood flow whereas the core has ______ ______ blood flow

A

Penumbra = sub optimal
Core = below critical

21
Q

What is the primary cause of cell death after blood flow is blocked ?

A Neurons get a lack of oxygen as blood flow is starved
B They lose their supply of glucose
C Excessive levels of glutamate leading to excitotoxicity
D None of the above

A

C Excessive glutamate levels

22
Q

Excessive glutamate levels lead to _________ and more ______ ________.

A

inflammation and more cell death

23
Q

Cell death takes two forms, one soon after a stroke, _______, and one occurring weeks/months after the stroke, _________.

A

Necrosis = short term
Apoptosis

24
Q

Necrosis occurs when depleted _______ levels lead to __________ swelling and __________ breakdown. This eventually leads to ____________ of cells and inflammation.

A

Depleted oxygen leads to cell swelling and membrane breakdown
eventually leads to cell inflammation and disintegration

25
Q

Apoptosis occurs when intracellular and _____________ signals cells form into ____________, later leading to ___________ of neighboring cells

A

Extracellular
Fragments
phagocytosis

26
Q

What are the 4 main causes of reperfusion injuries?

A

Hyperfusion
Complication of surgery
Intracranial hemorrhage
damage to blood brain barrier

27
Q

What cause of reperfusion injuries involves a major increase in Cerebral blood flow, exceeding the demands of CNS tissue.
A Surgery complications
B Intracranial hemorrhage
C Damage to blood brain barrier
D Hyperfusion

A

D Hyperfusion

28
Q

In the core affected area of a stroke there is rapid ________ cell death due to excessive ________ receptor stimulation leading to further release of __________

A

rapid necrotic cell death
due to NMDA receptor stimulation
glutamate

29
Q

In the penumbra region of a stoke there is ________ cell death, with more moderate _________ receptor stimulation

A

apoptotic
moderate NMDA receptor

30
Q

GABA are ________ neurotransmitters and
glutamate are ____________ neurotransmitters

A

GABA = inhibitory
Glutamate = excitatory

31
Q

Glutamate can be converted into GABA via ____________ _____________ enzyme

A

glutamate decarboxylase

32
Q

Glutamate receptors fall under 2 types, _______________ receptors and ______________ receptors.

A

Inotropic (3 types)
Metabotropic (many subtypes)

33
Q

Ionotropic receptors fall under 3 types?

A

NMDA
AMPA
Kainate

34
Q

Evidence has found that excess glutamate lead to __________ damage and _________ damage.

A

retinal damage and brain damage

35
Q

As well as excessive glutamate levels, excessive ________ levels in extracellular space are said to be linked to cell death

A GABA
B Serotonin
C Noradrenaline
D Ach

A

A GABA

36
Q

What are the 5 main treatment types for strokes?

A

pharmacological
thrombolysis
aspirin
modifiable risk factors
physiotherapy

37
Q

In the CNS, drugs alter _________ and _____________ functioning

A

synaptic and neurotransmitter function

38
Q

Agonists ________ Neurotransmitter function, whereas antagonists ________ Neurotransmitter function

A

Agonists inc
antagonists dec

39
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect drug types?

A

Direct - attaches directly to post synaptic binding site, indirect, attaches to alternative binding site

40
Q

Neuroprotection aims to protect ________ from damage. One obvious choice for a drug to be used is _______ antagonist

A

Neuronal damage
NMDA antagonist

41
Q

What are the 2 main issues of NMDA antagonists?

A

lack of efficacy - doesnt do task intended
toxic side effects

42
Q

Why do NMDA (glutamate) antagonists not work in trials?

A

Because glutamate receptors play a role in survival and normal cell function

43
Q

What is the only drug limited for use in stroke treatment in the UK/US?
A Anti-coagulants
B NMDA antagonists
C Anti-inflammatory agents
D Free radical scavengers

A

A anti-coagulants/t-pa

44
Q

t-pa stands for _______ ________ __________

A

tissue plasminogen activator

45
Q

Thrombolysis is a combination of ___ drug treatment and ___________ ____________>

A

t-pa
surgical intervention

46
Q

Antiplatelet agents (aspirin) do what 3 things?

A

prevent reoccurring strokes
reduction of severity of stroke
inhibit production of thromboxane

47
Q

What are the 4 modifiable risk factors of cerebral strokes?

A

high blood pressure
smoking
physical inactivity
obesity

48
Q

Physiotherapy is used for stroke patients with _______/__________, to improve __________. This helps promote __________ activities and _________ living.

A

helps patients with paralysis and weakness
improve mobility
promotes everyday activities and independent living

Neuroscience (8 decks)

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