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Neuroscience > Neuroscience Methods > Flashcards

Neuroscience Methods Flashcards

1
Q

When looking for a neuroscience method there is often a trade of between what 2 things?

A

Spatial and temporal resolution

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2
Q

How many layers are there from the cortex to the inner brain?
A 2
B 4
C 6
D 8

A

C 6

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3
Q

______________ is the technique of segmenting brain into different areas based on appearance

A

Cytoarchitectonics

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4
Q

When combining neuroanatomy with cytoarchitectonics, different ______ may represent different types of _______

A

different physical areas reflect different types of cells

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5
Q

Brodmann area 4 (BA4) is known as the _______ ________ cortex. Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3 (BA1, BA2, BA3) make up the __________ cortex. Brodmann are 17 (BA17) is the ______ _______ cortex and Brodmann area 41 (BA41) is the ________ _______ cortex.

A

BA4 = primary motor cortex
BA1,2,3 = somatosensory cortex
BA17 = primary visual cortex
BA41 = primary auditory cortex

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6
Q

TMS stands for ______ _______ _______

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation

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7
Q

How does TMS work?

A

By stimulating one part of the brain we can measure impairment/change in motor/perepetual tasks or direct brain actvity (EEG)

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8
Q

TMS is a safe, non-invasive stimulation which creates a ______ field, which crates a perpendicular ________ field, which causes transcranial magnetic stimulation which _________ neurons

A

magnetic field crates perpendicular electrical field which causes stimulation and excitation

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9
Q

What are the 4 ways of measuring TMS effects?

A

1) measuring peripheral responses
2) Measuring impaired/altered perception
3) measuring impaired/altered task performance (motor/perceptual)
4) measuring brain directly using eeg/meg/erp

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10
Q

What are two example studies which used TMS to show the role of certain areas?

A

Chronometry study by Hamilton et al
Virtual lesion study by Cohen et al

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11
Q

In the Chronometry (and virtual lesion) study, it was found using TMS that the _______ cortex was still used by ________ people to read -_______, suggesting cross-modal plasticity.

A

Visual cortex still used by blind people to read braille

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12
Q

True are false, virtual lesions are sometimes irreversible and can cause long lasting damage, making them risky.

A

False - they are fully reversible.

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13
Q

Virtual lesions are more? or less? accurate than true lesions?

A

More

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14
Q

What are the 6 main advantages of TMS?

A

+has millisecond temporal resolution
+ can create a cortical map
+risk of neural plasticity is minimal, so can do repeated measures studies
+ can do double disassociation
+ virtual lesions more accurate than true lesions
+ can do larger group studies

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15
Q

What are the 3 main disadvantages of TMS?

A
  • can only study one are at a time
  • can only study areas closer to skull (cortical)
  • noise from TMS creates issues in auditory stimulation tasks
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16
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram) involves measuring _________ _______ in the brain. It has good ________ resolution but poor _______ resolution.

A

measuring electrical activity in brain
has good temporal resolution and poor spatial resolution

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17
Q

What is placed on the scalp to measure postsynaptic signals (EEG)?
A Spikes
B Needles
C Electrodes
D Heat sensors

A

C Electrodes

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18
Q

What are the two main types of EEG oscillations?

A

Spontaneous oscillations
Event related oscillations

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19
Q

___________ oscillations occur naturally, without any task, and can be used to measure sleep

A

spontaneous

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20
Q

_______-_______ oscillations are measured in response to a stimulus are task. They can be seen as changes in ________ or amplitude.

A

Event related - changes in frequency or amplitude

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21
Q

An example of event related oscillations is the suppression of _______ _______ (10hz) oscillations in visual attention tasks, where oscillations on the opposing hemisphere are suppressed.

A

lateral -occipital-parietal alpha oscillations

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22
Q

ERP’s (Event related potentials) are what?

A

time locked averages of an EEG response to an event.

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23
Q

By averaging EEG’s across hundred of events you can seperate _____ from _________

A

ERP’s from spontaneous events.

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24
Q

What are the 3 main types of ERPs?

A

Exogenous ERPs
Endogenous ERPs
Mesogenous ERPs

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25
Q

Exogenous ERPs are ___________ response of the brain to ________ properties of the stimulus.

A

automatic responses to physical properties of stimuli

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26
Q

Exogenous ERPs may be useful in ________ _________

A

biological diagnosis

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27
Q

Endogenous ERPs reflect an interaction between _______ and event, and indicate _________ _______

A

subject and event
indicate cognitive processes

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28
Q

Endogenous ERPs can be used to look for ___________, __________ and __________

A

expectation
anticipation
attention

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29
Q

Mesogenous ERPs are a combination of _________ and ____________

A

endogenous and exogenous

30
Q

Despite the attempt to localize activity, EEGs are unable to fully localize the ‘________ ________’ as the electrodes never enter __ ______

A

cannot localize ‘neural generators’ as electrodes never enter brain

31
Q

Mismatch Negativity (MMN) are EEG responses to ______ _____

A

deviant tones

32
Q

MMN can be used in what two types of people?

A

schizophrenic patients
dyslexic people

33
Q

Schizophrenic patients can detect differences in ________ of deviant tones, whereas dyslexic people may detect differences in _______ of deviant tones

A

Schizo - diff in duration
dyslexic - diff in frequency

34
Q

Classic p300 responses reflect activity in response to _____-_______ _______ stimuli, and has maximum activity in the _______ region whereas novelty p300 activity is response to __________ _______ stimuli and has maximum activity in the ________ region

A

classic p300 = expected task relevant oddball stimuli, in parietal region
novelty p300 = unexpected deviant stimuli, in frontal region

35
Q

Schizophrenic patients are found to have a reduced ______ which may suggest impairments in _______ ________

A

schizo - reduced p300 = impairments in sustaining attention

36
Q

Endogenous n400 responses occur when reading __________ sentences

A

semantically incongruent sentences

37
Q

What are the 3 examples of Endogenous responses?

A

N400
Readiness potential/movement related potential
contingent negative variation

38
Q

MEG stands for

A

magneto-encephalography

39
Q

MEG as a technique has better _______ resolution than EEG/ERP, whilst still having good _________ resolution, however it requires _____ ______ environments

A

better spatial resolution whilst maintaining temporal resolution, requires low noise environment

40
Q

What are the 4 main goals of structural MRI?

A

to study anatomy
to look for brain abnormalities
to show development
to show neural plasticity

41
Q

MRI stands for _______ _______ ___________,
and CT stands for ________ __________

A

MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging
CT = computed topography

42
Q

Which statement is false regarding STRUCTURAL MRI?
A It relies on contrast between different types of matter
B It is a non-invasive method
C It can help detect brain abnormalities
D It can help localize function by showing response in tasks

A

D Is false, this is only fMRI

43
Q

When the subject is outside the magnetic field, the abundant protons are _____________ orientated, however when the subject enters the magnetic field, the protons become ___________ to the external magnetic field.

A

Outside = randomly orientated
inside = aligned to external magnetic field

44
Q

In the MRI, once a brief radiofrequency pulse is emitted, what happens to the protons ?
A they become aligned with the magnetic field
B they become randomly orientated
C they go perpendicular to the magnetic field
D Nothing happens

A

C they become perpendicular

45
Q

If the protons have a net magnetization of 100%, what is their orientation to the magnetic field
A Perpendicular to magnetic field
B Aligned to magnetic field
C Randomly orientated
D We cannot know the orientation based on net magnetization alone

A

B = Aligned

46
Q

What measurement forms the basis of MRI contrast, and how does it work?

A

spin-lattice relaxation times, which is the time taken for protons of different tissue to re-align with magnetic field.

47
Q

Spin-lattice relaxation times are also known as ________ signals. Different areas of the brain have different ______ signals. In ________ matter, these signals are the lightest, and are darkest in the _____, with _______ matter in-between. This forms the basis of contrast imaging in the brain.

A

T1 signals
T1 signals
White matter = lightest
darkest in CSF
grey matter = gray, inbetween

48
Q

What is the main goal of fMRI?

A

To link areas with specific processes and create models of brain function

49
Q

What are the 3 main questions when using fMRI to create data?

A

1) How to measure neural activity in functional contrasts
2) How to generate measurable functional contrasts in an experiment?
3) How to identify functional contrasts in raw fMRI data?

50
Q

What are the 2 main premises of how fMRI works?

A

1) activated areas are ones with blood flow
2) fMRI detects contrast between non activated/ and activated areas (which one uses bllod flow)

51
Q

the BOLD effect stands for _________ __________ ______ _____________

A

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent

52
Q

As blood flow increase, what happens to the capillaries?

A

more Oxygenated Hemoglobin enters

53
Q

Oxygenated hemoglobin is _____________ meaning it doesnt affect the magnetic field, whereas deoxygenated hemoglobin is ______________, meaning it makes the magnetic field inhomogeneous.

A

Oxy Hb = diagmentic, magnetic field unaffected
DeOxy HB = paramagnetic, making field inhomogeneous

54
Q

fMRI creates T2 signals. In an inhomogensous field (higher deoxy hb) T2 decay is ________ , whereas when there is more OxyHb, T2 decay is _________. The Magnetic rersonance is more intense in areas with _________ T2 decay signals.

SLOWER FASTER

A

higher deoxy hb, T2 = faster,
higher oxyhb, T2 slower
MR more intnese for slower T2 decay (therefore fMRI detects which areas more oxygneated)
Oxy Hb = diagmentic, magnetic field unaffected
DeOxy HB = paramagnetic, making field inhomogeneous

55
Q

In an XY signal graph of activity, the X axis represents the ___________, whereas the Y axis represents the _________.

A

X axis = time course
Y axis = change in activityt

56
Q

When creating graphs detecting signal activity in fMRI, baseline activity is measured at
A 0%
B 50%
C 100%
D None of the above

A

C 100%

57
Q

What statement is the not true of fMRI?
A It has the ability to localise function
B Participants complete tasks whilst under fMRI to link brain areas to processes
C It has very good temporal resolution
D It has very good spatial resolution

A

C In fact it has a huge temporal delay

58
Q

What is one issue with fMRI designs that last a long time?

A

Participants end up fatiguing

59
Q

There are two types of fMRI experimental design. __________ design uses multiple trials of one type of stimuli, followed by a rest, followed by the next stimuli class. The other type, _____ ______-_______ design, has stimuli occur in mixed sequences or patterns.

A

Block
rapid event related design

60
Q

Block designs generally create a _________ signal, are more _______, and have better statistical __________. However, some flaws are that it is susceptible to ________ of upcoming stimulus, and is rather ___________.

A

+ stronger signal
+more robust
+better statistical power
BUT
- upcoming stimuli predictable
- rather inflexible

61
Q

Rapid event-related dsigns are more _______ than block designs, and avoid ____________ effects, however they are less __________ to neural events.

A

+ more flexible
+avoids habituation effects
BUT
- less sensitive to true occurring neural events

62
Q

What are the 2 main stages of processing fMRI data?

A

spatial processing
fMRI statistics

63
Q

In the spatial processing stage, there undergoes a process called __________, where individual images (from one subject) are aligned to one spatial reference volume, creating activation maps. Following this, aligned activation maps with BOLD results are superimposed on a standard resolution image, in a process called ____________. Finally, these superimposed images are aligned on one model brain across all participants to create an average activation image, in a process called _______________.

A

1) Motion correction
2) Coregistration
3) normalization

64
Q

The common template often used in the normalization process is called the _________-__________ atlas.

A

Talairach-Tornoux

65
Q

How does fMRI statistics work?

A

it compares the observed time course of rest and task activation, to a predicted time course, to see how closely it is correlated.

66
Q

What are the 3 main issues with fMRI statistics?

A

low statistical power due to many voxels
null results hard to interpret
statistical maps depend on amplitude and noise

67
Q

In Lesion studies. damage of association refers to when _______________________________, whereas damage of dissociation refer to when _____________________________________.

A

Association damage - one region damaged, but multiple cognitive deficits
Dissociation damage - one region damage, where one task is impaired but another similar task is spared.

68
Q

Hemispatial neglect occurs when lesions in the _______-__________ junction in the right hemisphere cause deficits in visual __________ for objects/stimuli in the __________ visual field.

A

lesion to temporo-parietal junction
deficits in attention processing of left visual field

69
Q

One example of association damage is ____________ syndrome, where various visual processing deficits such as ___________, ___________ _______, and _______ ________ occur.

A

Balint’s syndrome
visual deficits such as:
simultanagnosia
oculomotor apraxia
optic ataxia

70
Q

One example of dissociation damage is _______ _____ agnosia. This is when ______________________ (________ stream) is damaged, but ______________ (_______ stream) is still intact.

A

Visual form agnosia
vision for recognition damaged (ventral stream)
vision for action intact (dorsal stream)

71
Q

Optic ataxia, which is another dissociation lesion, occurs when _______________ is damaged, but ___________ is intact.

A

Optic ataxia
vision for action and visually guided action damaged
perception and recognition intact

72
Q

A complex issue with lesion studies is that lesions amongst many participants may _________, making it difficult to ________ results, however inference from only one participant is _______.

A

Lesions vary amongst patients, making comparisons hard
However evidence from one patient alone is too weak

Neuroscience (8 decks)

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