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Neuroscience > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

Emil Kraepelin (1898) described a patient with ‘_______ _______’, which included impairments in ____________, _________, and goal directed behaviour.

A

dementia praecox
impairments in attention, memory and goal directed behaviour

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2
Q

True or false, the dementia praecox symptoms were progressive and persistent.

A

True

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3
Q

Who defined dementia praecox symptoms as schizophrenia ?

A

Eugen Bleuler

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4
Q

Bleuler was the first doctor to define Schizophrenia as having
A fragmented thinking
B positive symptoms
C negative symptoms
D all of the above

A

D All of the above

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5
Q

According to DSM, schizophrenia has what 3 sets of symptoms ?

A

Positive
Negative
Cognitive deficits

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6
Q

Positive (type 1) symptoms include __________, __________ and ________ behaviour

A

hallucinations
delusions
disorganised behaviour

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7
Q

Give 4 examples of delusional thoughts?

A

thoughts insertions
thought withdrawal
thought broadcasting
inability to control own actions

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8
Q

Negative (type 2) schizophrenic symptoms contain what 2 subdivisions?

A

Diminished emotional response
A-volition

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9
Q

Diminished emotional experiences can be involve a lack of _______ and lack of _________

A

lack of emotion
lack of speech

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10
Q

A-volition involves _______, ________ and social________

A

apathy
anhedonia
social withdrawal

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11
Q

What percentage of schizo patients have cognitive deficits?

A

75-80%

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12
Q

What are the 5 most common cognitive deficits?

A

executive control
memory
attention
social cognition
processing speed

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13
Q

Cognitive impairments can first be detected in
A Infancy
B Childhood
C Adolescence
D Both B and C

A

D both B and C

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14
Q

One issue with cognitive impairments is that ______________________________ do not correlate with ______________________.

A

clinical assessments of cognitive impairments do not correlate with subjective perceived impairments

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15
Q

Which type of schizophrenic symptoms typically appear first?
A Negative symptoms
B Positive symptoms
C Cognitive deficits
D They all appear at the same time

A

C cognitive deficits in childhood/ adolescence

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16
Q

Schizophrenia occurs in _% of the population. Children with parents/siblings of schizophrenia are __ times more likely to develop schizophrenia. Whilst genetics explain a small amount of variance, schizophrenia is thought to be ____________.

A

occurs in 1% of pop
people with schizo parents 10x more likely
polygenetic disorder

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17
Q

What are the 4 main environmental risk factors?

A

prenatal factors - poor nutrition
potential hippocampus injury
certain viruses in early childhood
urban environmental issues (pollution)

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18
Q

In terms of environmental risk factors, they are mainly concerned with pre-natal, childhood and adolescent __________

A

development

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19
Q

What are the 4 main neurotransmitters altered/involved in schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine
Ach
GABA
Glutamate/NMDA

20
Q

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenic drug treatment suggests that dopamine agonists such as cocaine and amphetamines induce ________ __________ and disturbance in DA system leads to _______ _________.

A

DA agonists induce psychotic symptoms
altering DA systems leads to impaired cognitive impairment

21
Q

Anti psychotic medication ______
A Are DA agonists
B Are NMDA agonists
C Reduce positive symptoms
D Both A and C

A

D both a and c

22
Q

The improved DA hypothesis suggests that the cortex is in a _____________ state, whereas the striate is in a ___________________ state

A

Cortex = hypodopaminergic state
Striate = hyperdopaminergic state

23
Q

Disruption of the DA system is a secondary effect of a disruption to what other neurotransmitter system?

A

Glutamate

24
Q

Moghaddam & Javitt (2012) proposed what 2 phases of glutamate disruption?

A

loss of inhibitory control = increased glutamate levels
excitotoxicity leading to loss of glutamate connection = decreased glutamate levels

25
Q

In a metanalysis of Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy of glutamate levels it was found that SZ patients have a __________ glutamate function compared to healthy people.

A

decreased glutamate function

26
Q

What are the 6 main neuroanatomical differences in SZ brains compared to healthy brains?

A

weigh less than average
enlarged ventricles
reduced neurons in PFC
thinner parahippocampal gyri
abnormal cellular structure in PFC and hippocampus
reduced grey matter in a number of areas

27
Q

Which area is not found to have reduced grey matter in SZ individuals?
A Left thalamus
B Left caudate
C Amygdala
D Cerebellum

A

D cerebellum

28
Q

Which type of Schizophrenic symptom has more impact on quality of life and day-to-day living
A Positive symptoms
B Cognitive symptoms
C Negative symptoms
D They all effect quality of daily life the same

A

B Cognitive

29
Q

Despite ________ symptoms being treated using antipsychotics, _________ symptoms and _______ symptoms are harder to treat.

A

Cognitive easier to treat than positive and negative

30
Q

Cognitive symptoms of SZ are highly ______ and _________,, making it difficult to understand _________ _________ and develop ____________.

A

highly variable and widespread, hard to understand the underyling mechanisms and develop interventions.

31
Q

Cognitive deficits of SZ are described as deficits in proactive control, which is an impairment in what?

A

Having a representation of goal information in WM and guiding goal directed behaviour.

32
Q

Which frontal cortex area is associated with proactive control?

A

Dorso-lateral Pre frontal cortex

33
Q

What is a goal? Give an example

A

intended outcome of an action
such as the point of info u want to convey in a convo

34
Q

A meta-analysis of FMRI studies showed reduced activity in the _______ when in tasks requiring proactive _______.

A

reduced DLPFC in proactive control tasks

35
Q

Reduced activity in DLPFC leading to deficits in goal representation in SZ patients is associated with what part of Baddeley’s Working Memory Model?
A Central Executive
B Episodic Buffer
C Phonological loop
D This deficit is involved in all 3 aspects of the WMM

A

A central executive

36
Q

As well as proactive control deficits, a meta-analysis found impairments in ___________ speed in SZ patients.

A

processing speed deficits

37
Q

What are the 2 possible causes of slow processing speed in SZ patients?

A

lack of integrity in white matter tracts
Working memory deficits due to task demands

38
Q

Episodic memory is also impacted in SZ patients, with _________ memory more impaired than _____ memory. When it comes to remembering, __________is more impaired than _________.

A

Relational memory more impaired than item memory
Recollection more impaired than familiarity

39
Q

What is the difference between recollection and familiarity in remembering?

A

Recollection = remembering exactly where/how we know/heard
Familiarity = feeling of knowing, without knowledge of how

40
Q

What are the main 3 cognitive impairments for SZ patients?

A

proactive control
episodic memory
working memory

41
Q

In what 3 ways is the DLPFC impacted in SZ patients?

A

overall dysfunction
connectivity
Neurotransmitter inputs to DLPFC

42
Q

SZ patients also have motivational impairments affecting ______ and ________ functioning. There are currently no effective_________ and the __________ mechanisms are unclear.

A

motivational impairments affecting social and occupational functioning
no effective treatments and underlying mechanisms unclear

43
Q

In terms of effort SZ individuals have _______ ____–_____ ________ ______, meaning they will put in less effort for ________ _________

A

atypical effort based decision making meaning less effort for monetary reward

44
Q

What 3 main structures are involved in effort based decision making in healthy people, which are also low in activity in SZ patients during effort based decision making?

A

Anterior cingulate cortex/medial frontal cortex
ventral striatum
dopamine systems

45
Q

In healthy people, activity in the _______ and ________ increased with reward value, but decreased with more _______ required.

A

activity in ACC and striatum inc with reward value and decreased with more effort required

46
Q

What are the 5 main factors involved in Effort based decision making?

A

Reward responsivity
anticipatory pleasure
cognitive control
defeatist performance beliefs
dopaminergic medication

47
Q

Despite antipsychotic medication treating positive symptoms, they can dampen ________ systems, which may impact ____-_____ ______ _______.

A

they can dampen Dopamine systems influencing effort based decision making

Neuroscience (8 decks)

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