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Neuroscience > Sex Differences > Flashcards

Sex Differences Flashcards

1
Q

Female chromosomes are _ _, and male chromosomes are _ _. The second chromosome is determined by the ________ _______.

A

Female = XX
Male = XY determined by the fathers sperm

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2
Q

Sex differences occurring BEFORE BIRTH are known as _______________________,

A

Organisational effects of sex hormones by fetal gonads

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3
Q

Sex differences occurring AFTER BIRTH are known as ________________________.

A

Activational effects of sex hormones by gonads

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4
Q

Organisational effects occur in a ‘________ period’

A

organisational occur in a critical period

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5
Q

Activational effects are dependent on _____________ effects.

A

Activational dependent on organisational

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6
Q

What is the first distinction of sex in human development?

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

What is the name given to sex organs before they turn in to sex organs?

A

gonad

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8
Q

Female internal sex organs are known as ________, whereas male internal sex organs are known as ________

A

female = ovaries
male = testes

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9
Q

The female precursor for sex organs is called the _______ system, whereas the male precursor for sex organs is called the _______ system.

A

Female = Mullerian system
Male = Wolffian system

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10
Q

True or false, in the early stages, without hormonal interaction, female sex organs develop as the norm, and male sex organs require hormones

A

True

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11
Q

SRY regions on Y chromosome code for ______-_______ factor. Once testes develop, they produce ______-_________ (defeminizing) hormone as well as ___________ (masculinizing hormone).

A

testis-determining factor
Anti-Mullerian = defeminizing
Androgens = masculinizing

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12
Q

Masculinization of gonads means the ________system breaks down, and the ________ system develops.

A

Mullerian breakdown
Wolffian development

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13
Q

There are two types of androgens:____________ , which stimulates the development of male internal sex organs, and _________________, which develops the external primordial male genitalia.

A

testosterone = internal
Dihydrotestosterone = external

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14
Q

Without any hormonal influence, the ________ system breaks down, and the _________ system develops.

A

Wolffian breakdown
Mullerian development

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15
Q

Without the influence of masculinizing hormones, the gonads develop into ______ as well as ________ external an internal sex organs

A

ovaries and female sex organs (internal and external)

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16
Q

What are the 4 main examples of unnatural/different sex development in humans?

A

XY sex reversal
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Turner’s syndrome
Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome

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17
Q

Which type of unnatural sex development occurs when mutations in the SRY region on the Y chromosome causes female sex organs to develop in biological males?
A XY Sex reversal
B Androgen insensitivity syndrome
C Turner’s syndrome
D Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome

A

A XY sex reversal

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18
Q

Which unnatural sex development occurs when a lack of functioning androgen receptors cause female development with testes?
A XY Sex reversal
B Androgen insensitivity syndrome
C Turner’s syndrome
D Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome

A

B Androgen Insensitivity syndrome

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19
Q

Turner’s syndrome occurs when there is only one _ chromsome, leading to a lack of _______

A

One X chromosome causes no ovaries

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20
Q

Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome occurs in biological males (XY) when there is a lack of ____-_____ hormone, leading to both _______ and ____ sex organs

A

lack of anti-mullerian hormone
male and female sex organs

21
Q

Primary sex characteristics such as ____ and sex organs are present at _____, whereas secondary sex characteristics such as _____, hair, ____, wide hips, occur during _______

A

primary = gonads and sex organs, at birth
secondary = hair, voice, breasts, hips etc, develop at puberty

22
Q

Puberty is triggered by the hypothalamic release of what hormone?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

23
Q

GnRH causes the pituitary gland to release the _________ ,FSH and LH

A

gonadotropic hormones FSH nad LH

24
Q

In males the release of FSH and LH causes the release of ____________. In females it causes the release of ____________. This leads to secondary sex characteristics.

A

Males = testosterone
Females = estradiol

25
Q

Sex hormones fall under the category of either ____________, such as testosterone and other androgens, as well as estrogens and gestagens, or ________, such as GnRH and Gonadotropins

A

steroids
or
peptides

26
Q

What sexual response do female mammals initiate to invite the male?
A Cordosis Response
B Sordosis Response
C Nordosis Response
D Lordosis response

A

D Lordosis response

27
Q

The organisational hypothesis of sex differences in brain behaviour suggests what?

A

Androgen causes brain to develop in male way, and without it it would develop in a female way

28
Q

Neural sexual dimorphisms are said to play a role in _______ and _______ behaviour

A

sexual reproductive behaviour

29
Q

The ranges of differences _______ each sex, is usually larger than the average differences ________each sex

A

range within> average difference between

30
Q

The largest behavioural sex difference is in _______________, which is not even _________

A

sexual orientation, which is not absolute

31
Q

What are the 3 main determinants of sex differences in behaviour?

A

Hormones
sexual dimorphisms
experiences/environment

32
Q

What 3 items make up the checklist for heterosexual mating behaviour?

A

Attractivity (are we attracted)
proceptivity (willingness to mate)
receptivity (ability to mate)

32
Q

What are the 3 stages of heterosexual mating behaviour?

A

appetitive
consummatory
post-consummatory

32
Q

Female mating behaviour is determined by their ________ cycle, and the release of hormones, impacting _______ as well as __________ and ________.

A

reproductive cycle affects hormonal release effects behaviour, ovulation, mood etc

33
Q

What spinal mechanism allows for successful copulatory behaviour by control of penis muscles in males, and is ractically absent in females (rats)?

A

Spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB)

34
Q

What are the 2 main brain circuits/mechanism relevant to mating behaviour in rodents?

A

Sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA)
Postero-dorsal medial amygdala (MePD)

35
Q

the SDN-POA is influenced by testosterone in critical __________ development, whereas the MePD is influenced by testosterone in _________.

A

SDN-POA = critical prenatal period
MePD = adulthood

36
Q

Sexual dimorphisms: There has been evidence found that a nucleus in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus labelled INAH3 is larger in ____________ compared to both ___________ and ____________.

A

larger in heterosexual men, compared to homosexual men and females.

37
Q

Which preoptic area nuclei of the hypothalamus has been found to be larger in volume in men than women?
A INAH1
B INAH3
C INAH4
D INAH5

A

B INAH3

38
Q

In rodents, regions associated with ________ have been found to overlap with regions associated with ___________ and __________ behaviour

A

aggression
overlap
sexual and reproductive behaviour

39
Q

In terms of cognitive abilities, there is some evidence for a female advantage in ________, __________, _________ and ________.

A

perceptual speed
visual memory
verbal fluency
fine motor control

40
Q

In terms of cognitive abilities there is some evidence for a male advantage in _________, __________, _________ and _________.

A

spatial rotation
target accuracy
paper folding
spotting embedded figures

41
Q

There is evidence that male rodents are better than female rodents at ________ _________ and ____________, shown using maze tasks

A

place learning and navigation

42
Q

What 2 tasks measure navigation/place learning performance in males vs females? (rodents and humans)

A

water maze (rodents) and virtual water maze (humans)

43
Q

fMRI evidence suggests that men recruit their _________ more than females in naviation tasks (maze)

A

hippocampus

44
Q

there is also evidence that males superseed females in other cognitive tasks, such as the __________ task, the _________ task and _________ learning of virtual enviroments?

A

rotation learning task
water jug task
rapid learning of virtual environments task

45
Q

It is important to note that cognitive sex differences reflect the ________ male and __________ female, rather than __________ differences. There are exceptions.

A

average male and average female - does not reflect individual differences

46
Q

In terms of mental/neuopsychiatric disorders, ___________ are more prevalent in women, whereas _______ ________ and _________ are more prevalent in men.

A

women - affective disorders
Men - drug abuse, autism

Neuroscience (8 decks)

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