Sex Differences

Question 1

Female chromosomes are _ _, and male chromosomes are _ _. The second chromosome is determined by the ________ _______.

Answer 1

Female = XX
Male = XY determined by the fathers sperm

Question 2

Sex differences occurring BEFORE BIRTH are known as _______________________,

Answer 2

Organisational effects of sex hormones by fetal gonads

Question 3

Sex differences occurring AFTER BIRTH are known as ________________________.

Answer 3

Activational effects of sex hormones by gonads

Question 4

Organisational effects occur in a ‘________ period’

Answer 4

organisational occur in a critical period

Question 5

Activational effects are dependent on _____________ effects.

Answer 5

Activational dependent on organisational

Question 6

What is the first distinction of sex in human development?

Answer 6

Chromosomes

Question 7

What is the name given to sex organs before they turn in to sex organs?

Answer 7

gonad

Question 8

Female internal sex organs are known as ________, whereas male internal sex organs are known as ________

Answer 8

female = ovaries
male = testes

Question 9

The female precursor for sex organs is called the _______ system, whereas the male precursor for sex organs is called the _______ system.

Answer 9

Female = Mullerian system
Male = Wolffian system

Question 10

True or false, in the early stages, without hormonal interaction, female sex organs develop as the norm, and male sex organs require hormones

Answer 10

True

Question 11

SRY regions on Y chromosome code for ______-_______ factor. Once testes develop, they produce ______-_________ (defeminizing) hormone as well as ___________ (masculinizing hormone).

Answer 11

testis-determining factor
Anti-Mullerian = defeminizing
Androgens = masculinizing

Question 12

Masculinization of gonads means the ________system breaks down, and the ________ system develops.

Answer 12

Mullerian breakdown
Wolffian development

Question 13

There are two types of androgens:____________ , which stimulates the development of male internal sex organs, and _________________, which develops the external primordial male genitalia.

Answer 13

testosterone = internal
Dihydrotestosterone = external

Question 14

Without any hormonal influence, the ________ system breaks down, and the _________ system develops.

Answer 14

Wolffian breakdown
Mullerian development

Question 15

Without the influence of masculinizing hormones, the gonads develop into ______ as well as ________ external an internal sex organs

Answer 15

ovaries and female sex organs (internal and external)

Question 16

What are the 4 main examples of unnatural/different sex development in humans?

Answer 16

XY sex reversal
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Turner’s syndrome
Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome

Question 17

Which type of unnatural sex development occurs when mutations in the SRY region on the Y chromosome causes female sex organs to develop in biological males?
A XY Sex reversal
B Androgen insensitivity syndrome
C Turner’s syndrome
D Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome

Answer 17

A XY sex reversal

Question 18

Which unnatural sex development occurs when a lack of functioning androgen receptors cause female development with testes?
A XY Sex reversal
B Androgen insensitivity syndrome
C Turner’s syndrome
D Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome

Answer 18

B Androgen Insensitivity syndrome

Question 19

Turner’s syndrome occurs when there is only one _ chromsome, leading to a lack of _______

Answer 19

One X chromosome causes no ovaries

Question 20

Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome occurs in biological males (XY) when there is a lack of ____-_____ hormone, leading to both _______ and ____ sex organs

Answer 20

lack of anti-mullerian hormone
male and female sex organs

Question 21

Primary sex characteristics such as ____ and sex organs are present at _____, whereas secondary sex characteristics such as _____, hair, ____, wide hips, occur during _______

Answer 21

primary = gonads and sex organs, at birth
secondary = hair, voice, breasts, hips etc, develop at puberty

Question 22

Puberty is triggered by the hypothalamic release of what hormone?

Answer 22

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 23

GnRH causes the pituitary gland to release the _________ ,FSH and LH

Answer 23

gonadotropic hormones FSH nad LH

Question 24

In males the release of FSH and LH causes the release of ____________. In females it causes the release of ____________. This leads to secondary sex characteristics.

Answer 24

Males = testosterone
Females = estradiol

Question 25

Sex hormones fall under the category of either ____________, such as testosterone and other androgens, as well as estrogens and gestagens, or ________, such as GnRH and Gonadotropins

Answer 25

steroids or peptides

Question 26

What sexual response do female mammals initiate to invite the male? A Cordosis Response B Sordosis Response C Nordosis Response D Lordosis response

Answer 26

D Lordosis response

Question 27

The organisational hypothesis of sex differences in brain behaviour suggests what?

Answer 27

Androgen causes brain to develop in male way, and without it it would develop in a female way

Question 28

Neural sexual dimorphisms are said to play a role in _______ and _______ behaviour

Answer 28

sexual reproductive behaviour

Question 29

The ranges of differences _______ each sex, is usually larger than the average differences ________each sex

Answer 29

range within> average difference between

Question 30

The largest behavioural sex difference is in _______________, which is not even _________

Answer 30

sexual orientation, which is not absolute

Question 31

What are the 3 main determinants of sex differences in behaviour?

Answer 31

Hormones sexual dimorphisms experiences/environment

Question 32

What 3 items make up the checklist for heterosexual mating behaviour?

Answer 32

Attractivity (are we attracted) proceptivity (willingness to mate) receptivity (ability to mate)

Question 32

What are the 3 stages of heterosexual mating behaviour?

Answer 32

appetitive consummatory post-consummatory

Question 32

Female mating behaviour is determined by their ________ cycle, and the release of hormones, impacting _______ as well as __________ and ________.

Answer 32

reproductive cycle affects hormonal release effects behaviour, ovulation, mood etc

Question 33

What spinal mechanism allows for successful copulatory behaviour by control of penis muscles in males, and is ractically absent in females (rats)?

Answer 33

Spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB)

Question 34

What are the 2 main brain circuits/mechanism relevant to mating behaviour in rodents?

Answer 34

Sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) Postero-dorsal medial amygdala (MePD)

Question 35

the SDN-POA is influenced by testosterone in critical __________ development, whereas the MePD is influenced by testosterone in _________.

Answer 35

SDN-POA = critical prenatal period MePD = adulthood

Question 36

Sexual dimorphisms: There has been evidence found that a nucleus in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus labelled INAH3 is larger in ____________ compared to both ___________ and ____________.

Answer 36

larger in heterosexual men, compared to homosexual men and females.

Question 37

Which preoptic area nuclei of the hypothalamus has been found to be larger in volume in men than women? A INAH1 B INAH3 C INAH4 D INAH5

Answer 37

B INAH3

Question 38

In rodents, regions associated with ________ have been found to overlap with regions associated with ___________ and __________ behaviour

Answer 38

aggression overlap sexual and reproductive behaviour

Question 39

In terms of cognitive abilities, there is some evidence for a female advantage in ________, __________, _________ and ________.

Answer 39

perceptual speed visual memory verbal fluency fine motor control

Question 40

In terms of cognitive abilities there is some evidence for a male advantage in _________, __________, _________ and _________.

Answer 40

spatial rotation target accuracy paper folding spotting embedded figures

Question 41

There is evidence that male rodents are better than female rodents at ________ _________ and ____________, shown using maze tasks

Answer 41

place learning and navigation

Question 42

What 2 tasks measure navigation/place learning performance in males vs females? (rodents and humans)

Answer 42

water maze (rodents) and virtual water maze (humans)

Question 43

fMRI evidence suggests that men recruit their _________ more than females in naviation tasks (maze)

Answer 43

hippocampus

Question 44

there is also evidence that males superseed females in other cognitive tasks, such as the __________ task, the _________ task and _________ learning of virtual enviroments?

Answer 44

rotation learning task water jug task rapid learning of virtual environments task

Question 45

It is important to note that cognitive sex differences reflect the ________ male and __________ female, rather than __________ differences. There are exceptions.

Answer 45

average male and average female - does not reflect individual differences

Question 46

In terms of mental/neuopsychiatric disorders, ___________ are more prevalent in women, whereas _______ ________ and _________ are more prevalent in men.

Answer 46

women - affective disorders Men - drug abuse, autism