Sex Differences Flashcards
Female chromosomes are _ _, and male chromosomes are _ _. The second chromosome is determined by the ________ _______.
Female = XX
Male = XY determined by the fathers sperm
Sex differences occurring BEFORE BIRTH are known as _______________________,
Organisational effects of sex hormones by fetal gonads
Sex differences occurring AFTER BIRTH are known as ________________________.
Activational effects of sex hormones by gonads
Organisational effects occur in a ‘________ period’
organisational occur in a critical period
Activational effects are dependent on _____________ effects.
Activational dependent on organisational
What is the first distinction of sex in human development?
Chromosomes
What is the name given to sex organs before they turn in to sex organs?
gonad
Female internal sex organs are known as ________, whereas male internal sex organs are known as ________
female = ovaries
male = testes
The female precursor for sex organs is called the _______ system, whereas the male precursor for sex organs is called the _______ system.
Female = Mullerian system
Male = Wolffian system
True or false, in the early stages, without hormonal interaction, female sex organs develop as the norm, and male sex organs require hormones
True
SRY regions on Y chromosome code for ______-_______ factor. Once testes develop, they produce ______-_________ (defeminizing) hormone as well as ___________ (masculinizing hormone).
testis-determining factor
Anti-Mullerian = defeminizing
Androgens = masculinizing
Masculinization of gonads means the ________system breaks down, and the ________ system develops.
Mullerian breakdown
Wolffian development
There are two types of androgens:____________ , which stimulates the development of male internal sex organs, and _________________, which develops the external primordial male genitalia.
testosterone = internal
Dihydrotestosterone = external
Without any hormonal influence, the ________ system breaks down, and the _________ system develops.
Wolffian breakdown
Mullerian development
Without the influence of masculinizing hormones, the gonads develop into ______ as well as ________ external an internal sex organs
ovaries and female sex organs (internal and external)
What are the 4 main examples of unnatural/different sex development in humans?
XY sex reversal
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Turner’s syndrome
Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome
Which type of unnatural sex development occurs when mutations in the SRY region on the Y chromosome causes female sex organs to develop in biological males?
A XY Sex reversal
B Androgen insensitivity syndrome
C Turner’s syndrome
D Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome
A XY sex reversal
Which unnatural sex development occurs when a lack of functioning androgen receptors cause female development with testes?
A XY Sex reversal
B Androgen insensitivity syndrome
C Turner’s syndrome
D Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome
B Androgen Insensitivity syndrome
Turner’s syndrome occurs when there is only one _ chromsome, leading to a lack of _______
One X chromosome causes no ovaries
Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome occurs in biological males (XY) when there is a lack of ____-_____ hormone, leading to both _______ and ____ sex organs
lack of anti-mullerian hormone
male and female sex organs
Primary sex characteristics such as ____ and sex organs are present at _____, whereas secondary sex characteristics such as _____, hair, ____, wide hips, occur during _______
primary = gonads and sex organs, at birth
secondary = hair, voice, breasts, hips etc, develop at puberty
Puberty is triggered by the hypothalamic release of what hormone?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
GnRH causes the pituitary gland to release the _________ ,FSH and LH
gonadotropic hormones FSH nad LH
In males the release of FSH and LH causes the release of ____________. In females it causes the release of ____________. This leads to secondary sex characteristics.
Males = testosterone
Females = estradiol
Sex hormones fall under the category of either ____________, such as testosterone and other androgens, as well as estrogens and gestagens, or ________, such as GnRH and Gonadotropins
steroids
or
peptides
What sexual response do female mammals initiate to invite the male?
A Cordosis Response
B Sordosis Response
C Nordosis Response
D Lordosis response
D Lordosis response
The organisational hypothesis of sex differences in brain behaviour suggests what?
Androgen causes brain to develop in male way, and without it it would develop in a female way
Neural sexual dimorphisms are said to play a role in _______ and _______ behaviour
sexual reproductive behaviour
The ranges of differences _______ each sex, is usually larger than the average differences ________each sex
range within> average difference between
The largest behavioural sex difference is in _______________, which is not even _________
sexual orientation, which is not absolute
What are the 3 main determinants of sex differences in behaviour?
Hormones
sexual dimorphisms
experiences/environment
What 3 items make up the checklist for heterosexual mating behaviour?
Attractivity (are we attracted)
proceptivity (willingness to mate)
receptivity (ability to mate)
What are the 3 stages of heterosexual mating behaviour?
appetitive
consummatory
post-consummatory
Female mating behaviour is determined by their ________ cycle, and the release of hormones, impacting _______ as well as __________ and ________.
reproductive cycle affects hormonal release effects behaviour, ovulation, mood etc
What spinal mechanism allows for successful copulatory behaviour by control of penis muscles in males, and is ractically absent in females (rats)?
Spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB)
What are the 2 main brain circuits/mechanism relevant to mating behaviour in rodents?
Sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA)
Postero-dorsal medial amygdala (MePD)
the SDN-POA is influenced by testosterone in critical __________ development, whereas the MePD is influenced by testosterone in _________.
SDN-POA = critical prenatal period
MePD = adulthood
Sexual dimorphisms: There has been evidence found that a nucleus in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus labelled INAH3 is larger in ____________ compared to both ___________ and ____________.
larger in heterosexual men, compared to homosexual men and females.
Which preoptic area nuclei of the hypothalamus has been found to be larger in volume in men than women?
A INAH1
B INAH3
C INAH4
D INAH5
B INAH3
In rodents, regions associated with ________ have been found to overlap with regions associated with ___________ and __________ behaviour
aggression
overlap
sexual and reproductive behaviour
In terms of cognitive abilities, there is some evidence for a female advantage in ________, __________, _________ and ________.
perceptual speed
visual memory
verbal fluency
fine motor control
In terms of cognitive abilities there is some evidence for a male advantage in _________, __________, _________ and _________.
spatial rotation
target accuracy
paper folding
spotting embedded figures
There is evidence that male rodents are better than female rodents at ________ _________ and ____________, shown using maze tasks
place learning and navigation
What 2 tasks measure navigation/place learning performance in males vs females? (rodents and humans)
water maze (rodents) and virtual water maze (humans)
fMRI evidence suggests that men recruit their _________ more than females in naviation tasks (maze)
hippocampus
there is also evidence that males superseed females in other cognitive tasks, such as the __________ task, the _________ task and _________ learning of virtual enviroments?
rotation learning task
water jug task
rapid learning of virtual environments task
It is important to note that cognitive sex differences reflect the ________ male and __________ female, rather than __________ differences. There are exceptions.
average male and average female - does not reflect individual differences
In terms of mental/neuopsychiatric disorders, ___________ are more prevalent in women, whereas _______ ________ and _________ are more prevalent in men.
women - affective disorders
Men - drug abuse, autism
