Anxiety Disorder

Question 1

Anxiety can be defined as the diffsuion of _____________________________________

Answer 1

a vague, unpleasant sense of uncertainty, in anticipation of future threat

Question 2

Anxiety can be characterised by feelings of __________ and __________, as well as __________ behaviours.

Answer 2

Feelings of vigilance and tension
avoidance behaviours

Question 3

Fear is an __________ or _________ response to a real or perceived, immanent ________.

Answer 3

emotional or avoidance response
to immanent threat

Question 4

Anxiety disorders (4) are comprised of _________, ________, _________, _______.
Additional disorder include _______ and ________

Answer 4

Anxiety disorders such as specific phobias
panic disorder
social anxiety disorder
generalised anxiety disorder
also OCD and PTSD

Question 5

Which of all the anxiety disorders is most common ,and which is least common

Answer 5

Most - social phobias
Least - OCD

Question 6

Which treatment for anxiety disorders is most effective?
A Hypnotherapy
B Cognitive behavioural therapy
C Drug treatments
D both B and C

Answer 6

D both B and C

Question 7

What are the 4 core symptoms of all the anxiety disorders?

Answer 7

Physiology (change)
Fear
Escape
Avoidance

Question 8

True or false, anxiety is the most prevalent of all the psychiatric/mental health disorder

Answer 8

true

Question 9

What is the prevalence of anxiety disorder?
A 9%
B 19%
C 29%
D 39%

Answer 9

C 29%

Question 10

First degree relatives are most likely to have the ____ _______ disorder as their relative, but are also more susceptible to having ___ ______ disorder.

Answer 10

most likely to have the same disorder
more susceptible to having any anxiety disorder

Question 11

Despite genetics being a risk factor, ________ and _______ is important in ________ a disorder.

Answer 11

Environment and experiences needed to trigger disorder

Question 12

The gene x environment interaction can be seen in what behaviour, and in what animal?

Answer 12

licking in mice

Question 13

Fear and anxiety conditioning are useful in discovering what happens in __ _____when experiencing ____ and _____

Answer 13

useful in discovering what happens in the brain in fear and anxiety

Question 14

Avoidance learning occurs when a subject learns to emit a _______ in order to avoid an _______ stimulus.
Give an example in rats.

Answer 14

emit a response to avoid an aversive stimulus.
rat leaving a room to avoid a shock

Question 15

Mowrer’s two factor theory of fear contains 2 steps. The first step is _______ _________, and the second step is ________ ________.

Answer 15

step 1 classical conditioning
step2 operant conditioning

Question 16

In step 1 of Mowrer’s theory, a ______ stimulus is paired with a ________ UCS, forming an association. The fear response to the UCS occurs when only the (harmless) _______ stimulus is present

Answer 16

neutral stimulus paired with harmful UCS
leads to CR when presence of harmless CS is present

Question 17

In step 2 of Mowrer’s theory, __________ learning allows for something called ‘________ conditioning’, where the the CS is avoided to reduce the response. This is a form of _________ _________. This results in a continuous cycle of reinforcement of the ______ stimulus and the _________ behaviour.

Answer 17

instrumental learning allows avoidance conditioning
form of negative reinforcement
continuous reinforcement cycle of CS and avoidance behaviour

Question 18

Mowrer’s 2 step theory of fear has 2 practical/clinical conclusions, which are?

Answer 18

fear must be present for avoidance, vice versa
therapy centered around elimination of fear to eliminate avoidance, such as desentisation/flooding

Question 19

The pivotal neural mechanism involved in fear and anxiety is the
A amygdala
B hippocampus
C hypothalamus
D frontal cortex

Answer 19

A Amygdala

Question 20

The amygdala has connections/ projections to what 5 parts of the brain implicated in aspects fear processing such as perception, memory and control?

Answer 20

sensory thalamus
sensory cortex
rhinal cortex
hippocampus
pre-frontal cortex

Question 21

True or false, the Amygdala is only present in humans?

Answer 21

false, it is found in other animals

Question 22

There is evidence for Amygdala activation in response to both _______ ____ and ___________ _______ stimulus

Answer 22

Fearful faces
conditioned fear

Question 23

Fear responses can be _________ such as verbal ratings or anticipation of fear, as well as implicit , such as measuring ______ ____________ and processing of _____________ __________

Answer 23

impict = verbal responses
implicit - skin conductance and subliminal image processing

Question 24

Extinction occurs when the _________ ________ is presented alone, multiple times without the ____________ ____________. This leads the the response being _____________.

Answer 24

CS presented multiple times without the CR, leading to extinguishing of response.

Question 25

fMRI evidence has found that ________ activity increase as extinction processes, whereas ________ activity decrease as extinction processes. However, the ___________ is shown to increase in avoidance responses.

Answer 25

Extinction inc vMPFC (ventromedial prefrontal cortex)
Extinction leads to dec in Amygdala activity
Amygdala inc in avoidance responses

Question 26

Evidence has found that during extinction learning, the VmPFC is shown to _________ amygdala activity
A Excite
B have no known effect on
C inhibit
D match

Answer 26

C inhibit

Question 27

Individuals with high trait anxiety are shown to have ________ amygdala activity in response to fear cues, as well as __________ PFC activity pre-extinction learning.

Answer 27

Inc amygdala activity
dec PFC activity

Question 28

Trait anxiety scores are captured using what questionnaire?

Answer 28

STAI

Question 29

Amygdala activation is also found in arachnophobics when they are shown pictures of
A Sharks
B Dogs
C Spiders
D none of the above

Answer 29

C spiders

Question 30

Patients with PTSD show greater recruitment of the __________ and the _________ when reconstructing negative emotional memories, as well as greater recruitment of the ______.

Answer 30

Hippocampus
amygdala
VmPfc

Question 31

Healthy patrients had greater recruitment of the hippocampus, amygdala and VmPfc when constructing what kind of memories?
A Negative Emotional memories
B Positive emotional memories
C Shameful memories
D Both A nd B

Answer 31

B positive emotional memories

Question 32

A meta analysis of people with Generalized Anxiety disorder showed brain differences including greater __________ of the amygdala, and greater _________ of the VmPFC

Answer 32

hyperactivation of amygdala (inc)
hypoactivation of (VmPfc)

Question 33

Using the reversal learning paradigm, OCD patients showed quick learning in the ____________ phase, but slower learning in the __________ _______ phase.

Answer 33

quick in discrimination phase
slower in reversal learning phase

Question 34

What are the 3 main types of anxiolytics?

Answer 34

benzodiazepine
Antidepressents like serotonin reuptake inhibitors
buspirone

Question 35

Benzodiazepines are mainly used in treating which type of anxiety?
However they can also be used as ___-_________ in alcohol withdrawal and as __________.

Answer 35

GAD
Also as anti-convulsants and hypnotics

Question 36

What is one disadvantage and 2 disadvantages of Benzodiazepines?

Answer 36

+ low toxicity
-potential for dependence and withdrawal
-can impair cognitive functions such as memory

Question 37

Different Benzodiazepine GABA-A receptor ligands have different effects. Alpha 1 ligand has ________ effects, alpha 2 ligand has ___________ effects, and alpha 5 ligand has __________ altering effects.

Answer 37

a1 = sedative
a2 = anxiolytic
a5 = cognitive altering

Question 38

The producing effect of Benzodiazepine also depends on the location of the receptor. The limbic cortex (amygdala, frontal cortex, hippocampus) has ____________ and ____-__________ effects, the Vm Hypothalamus effect is _________ __________, and the cerebrellum produces _________.

Answer 38

limbic cortex = anxiolytic and anti-convulsant
Vm Hypothalamus has appetite stimulation
cerebrellum effect is ataxia

Question 39

Serotonin (5HT-1a) receptors are very dense in areas such as the _________ and ________ ________ cortex, are medium dense in the ___-________ cortex, and are low in density in the cerebellum, basal ganglia, _________ _______, _________ ________ and the __________

Answer 39

high density in hippocampus and medial temporal cortex
medium density in pre-frontal cortex
low in density in basal ganglia, cerebellum, caudate putamen, globus pallidus and amygdala

Question 40

Increased amygdala responses are found in people with what allele polymorphism?

Answer 40

serotonin transporter

Question 41

Which drug is associated in reducing panic disorder?

Answer 41

Fluvoxamine

Question 42

Exposure therapy such as desensitization and flooding work on the concepts of _________ and ___________, where the fearful stimuli is presented to _______ the fear response

Answer 42

based on conditioning and extinction
presenting fearful stimuli extinguishes fear response

Question 43

Which drug, best when combined with CBT is found to reduce social anxiety, phobias and panic disorder?

Answer 43

DCS

Question 44

Blockade of stress hormones shortly after a traumatic event decreases the likelihood of obtaining?
A PTSD
B GAD
C OCD
D Agoraphobia

Answer 44

A PTSD

Question 45

If fear is linked to avoidance and vice versa, the route of eliminating fear in therapy is to reduce _________ behaviours, such as using the ‘________ ________ _______’ technique.

Answer 45

reduce avoidance such as safety behaviour fading technique