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Pharmacology and Pathophysiology Own notes > Stress Response (week 2) > Flashcards

Stress Response (week 2) Flashcards

1
Q

A non-specific response of the body to any demand made on it

A

stress

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2
Q

a subjective condition

A

stress

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3
Q

occurs when a person perceives they cannot cope with demands placed on them

A

stress

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4
Q

what are some types of stressors?

A

physiological or emotional/psychological

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5
Q

a three-stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress.

A

G.A.S

General adaptive syndrome

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6
Q

what are the three stages to the GAS?

A
  1. alarm phase
  2. stage of resistance
  3. stage of exhaustion
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7
Q

Who pioneered GAS?

A

Hans Selye

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8
Q

stress is perceived, causing a ripple effect of physiological changes to adapt to stress. The response is fight or flight.

A

alarm phase

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9
Q

physiological reserves are mobilized to increase resistance stress

A

stage of resistance

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10
Q

all energy is expended in attempt to adapt; death may result

A

stage of exhaustion

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11
Q

the portion of the brain that perceives the stressor based on past experiences and potential consequences.

A

cerebral cortex

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12
Q

the portion of the brain in which stress stimulates emotions, feelings, and behaviours that ensure survival and self preservation

A

the limbic system

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13
Q

When a person is experiencing chronic stress, it stimulates the reticular formation system, disturbing this?

A

sleep-wake transitions, wakefulness

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14
Q

this portion of the brain releases ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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15
Q

the SNS stimulates the adrenal medulla to release these two neurotransmitters to initiate fight or flight resposne

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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16
Q

proteins that are synthesized by the pituitary gland in response to physiologic stressors such as pain. These proteins relieve pain when bound to their mu-opioid receptors

A

beta-endorphins

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17
Q

analgesic (drug that relives pain)

A

beta-endorphins

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18
Q

the hypothalamus stimulates which system?

A

endocrine system

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19
Q

a hormone that is capable of mediating the inflammatory response by turning off certain aspects of the stress response

A

cortisol

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20
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes these two hormones involved with stress response.

A

cortisol, aldosterone

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21
Q

Name some of the physiological changes that occur when cortisol is secreted during stress response.

A
  • Increase cardiac output (CO)
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Increase oxygen consumption
  • Increased metabolic rate
  • skeletal muscle vasodilation
  • increased cerebral blood flow
  • decrease blood flow to the stomach (causing nausea)
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22
Q

What systems of the body are affected when the sympathetic nervous system is triggered?

A
  • the heart (increased heart rate and cardiac output)
  • blood vessels: vasoconstriction
  • lungs (increase respiration, shallow breathing)
  • adrenal medulla: increased epinephrine and norepineprhine
  • liver: glycogenolysis
  • GI system: decreased secretions and peristalsis
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23
Q

what effects does stress have on our cognition?

A
  • decreased concentration
  • Memory problems
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Impaired decision making
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24
Q

CMANIA

A 
C: classification
M: movement
A: action
N: nursing considerations
I:indication
A: administration
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25
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

movement

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26
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

action

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27
Q

pharmacotherapeutics

A

indication

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28
Q

this classification of drug stimulates the sympathetic nervous system

A

adrenergic

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29
Q

this classification of drug stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Cholinergic drugs

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30
Q

alpha and beta receptors are found in which nervous system?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

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31
Q

“rest and digest”

A

parasympathetic nervous system

32
Q

“fight or flight”

A

sympathetic nervous sytem

33
Q

what are the neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

epnephrine

norepinephrine

34
Q

what are the neurotransmitters found in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

acetylcholine

35
Q

what are the receptors in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

alpha
beta
dopamine

36
Q

what are the receptors found in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

muscarinic (smooth) nicotinic (skeletal)

37
Q

a substance that initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor

38
Q

inhibits the physiological affects of another substance

A

antagonist/blockers

39
Q

adrenergic agonists affect this part of the nervous system, enhancing this mode

A

sympathetic nervous system; fight or flight

40
Q

adrenergic antagonists/blockers affect this part of the nervous system, enhancing this mode

A

sympathetic nervous system; feed, breed, pee, poo

41
Q

ending in “OLOL”

A

beta blockers

42
Q

cholinergic agonists affect this part of the nervous system

A

parasympathetic nervous system

43
Q

cholinergic antagonists affect this part of the nervous system

A

parasympathetic nervous system

44
Q 
SLUDE
Slude
Lacrimation
Urination
Diarrhea
GI distress
Emesis
A

cholinergic agonists

45
Q

“Can’t see, pee, poo, do”

A

cholinergic antagonists

46
Q

these drugs mimic the effects of the SNS neurotransmitters epinephrine, noreipneprhine, dopamine

A

adrenergic drugs

47
Q

endogenous and exogenous substances

A

adrenergic drugs

48
Q

receptors primarily located in the heart

A

Beta 1 receptors

49
Q

receptors in smooth muscle of bronchioles of the lungs

A

Beta 2 receptors

50
Q

what are the three affects stimulated by Beta receptors?

A

increased heart contraction
increased heart rate
increased electrical conduction

51
Q

what parts of the heart are affected by beta 1 receptors?

A

SA node, AV node, myocardium

52
Q

inhibit stimulants in the sympathetic nervous system

A

adrenergic antagonists

53
Q

receptors that cause arterial and venous dilation

A

alpha blockers

54
Q

True or false:

High dosages of cholinergic drugs affect the nicotinic receptors and cause adverse effects

55
Q

Cholinergic receptors binds this hormone and mediates its actions

A

acetylcholine

56
Q

this classification of drugs is used to treat patients with alzhermiers disease in the early stages.

A

cholinergic

57
Q

the amount of resistance to stressors varies depending on the individuals _______ and _______

A 
physical function (health) 
coping mechanisms
58
Q

What is allostasis?

A

the process of achieving homeostasis in the response to challenge or stressors

59
Q

What happens when homeostasis is not achieved in the resistance phase of GAS?

A

Adaptation does not occur, which leads to the final stage, exhaustion

60
Q

During a physiological response to stress, what three systems of the body are impacted concurrently?

A

the nervous system
the endocrine system
the immune system

61
Q

What are the neurochemical links between the CNS and the the immune system?

A

cytokines

neuropeptides

62
Q

What are the nuerochemical links between the CNS and the endocrine system?

A

neuropeptides

endocrine hormones

63
Q

What is the neurochemical link between the endocrine system and the immune system?

A

endocrine hormones

cytokines

64
Q

What portion of the brain connects the nervous and the endocrine system during stress response?

A

the hypothalamus

65
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

the collection of glands (adrenal, thyroid, etc.) that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things

66
Q

ACTH is regulated by what hormone from the hypothalamus?

What is another contributing factor to the release of ACTH?

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

stress

67
Q

Once stress is perceived, the hypothalamus activates the endocrine system. The _______ system stimulates the _____ ______ to release catecholamine’s ____ and _____- initiating a fight or flight response.

A

sympathetic nervous system
adrenal medulla
epinephrine; norepinephrine

68
Q

in layman’s terms, what is the HPA axis?

A

it is a central stress response system between these three endocrine glands, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal gland.

69
Q

briefly describe how the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (what releases what hormone, etc)?

A

When a stressor is perceived, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH). The receptors of CRH bind to the pituitary gland, causing the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH binds to receptors on the adrenal cortex and stimulates adrenal release of cortisol. In response to stressors, cortisol will be released for several hours after encountering the stressor

70
Q

Once ACTH is released by the pituitary gland, it stimulates this portion of the HPA axis to secrete corticosteroids and aldosterone.

A

adrenal cortex

71
Q

This endocrine gland in the HPA-axis released antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causing this.

A

posterior pituitary gland

water retention and decreased urine output

72
Q

What are some ways in which cortisol helps the body prepare for fight or flight?

A
  • inhibits insulin production to prevent glycogen from being stored causing HYPERGLYCEMIA
  • vasoconstriction of arteries causing INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)
  • production of large amounts of glycogen through glycogenesis in the liver
  • reduce inflammation in the body and suppress the immune system
73
Q

What is glycogenolysis and what stimulates this reaction to occur?

A

the breakdown of glycogen which results in the raising of blood glucose levels

in part, epinephrine and cortisol stimulate the breakdown of glucose in response to stress

74
Q

what is angina?

A

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

75
Q

What is dyspepsia?

A

implications of the GI tract, such as nausea, heartburn, gastric ulcers, etc.

Pharmacology and Pathophysiology Own notes (9 decks)

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