IV solutions/ Hyper/Hypo Kalmia/Natremia Flashcards
IV solution that is used for people who may experience hypercalcemia
normal saline 0.9%
IV solution that is used for people who may experience shock, blood transfusions, or resuscitation
normal saline 0.9%
IV solution that is used for people who may experience metabolic alkalosis
normal saline 0.9%
IV solution that is used for people who may experience sodium and chloride depletion or gastric fluid loss from vomiting or nasogastric suctioning
1/2 normal saline 0.45% NaCL in water
IV solution that is used for people who need to replace fluid and buffers pH
lactated ringers
IV solution that is used for people who may experience hypovolemia due to third-space shifting
lactated ringers
IV solution that is used in people to raise fluid volume
D5W
IV solution that is used for people who may experience hypernatremia
D5W
how can hypo or hyperkalemia be determined?
ECG/EKG
level between 3.2 and 5.5 mEq/L
in what organ of the body is potassium abundant and what might this interfere with?
cardiac muscle; cardiac dysrhythmias
Nerve impulse induction; Essential for normal electrical conduction in the heart; Important for, skeletal muscle contraction
hypokalemia
Most common cation in the ECF. Obtained through diet; Absorbed in the small intestine; Excreted in the kidneys
potassium
causes of hypokalemia
GOT SHOT
G- GI loss (Vomiting; Diarrhea) ❖ O- Osmotic Diuresis (ex: DKA) T- Thiazide and loop diuretics ❖ S- Severe Acid Imbalance ( alkalosis) ❖ H- Hyperaldosteronism ❖ O- Other meds such as Corticosteroids ❖ T- Transcellular Shift (Using insulin to treat DKA)
Interventions for hypokalemia
AID
assess EKG and ABG’s
IV potassium chloride
diet: green leafy vegetables
treatment for hypokalemia
Oral potassium
IV potassium
Potassium sparing diuretics
Tall peaked T waves, flat P waves, widened QRS complex, prolonged PR intervals
hyperkalemia
causes of hyperkalemia
MACHINE
M:medications ace inhibitors A: acidosis metabolic and respiratory C: cell destruction H: hypaldosterone i: intake of excess K+ N: nephron destruction E: excretion impaired
treatments of hyperkalemia
DIRP
Dialysis
❖ IV calcium
❖ Regular insulin
❖ Potassium excreting diuretics
causes of hyponatremia
SIADH
S- SIADH I: intoxication of water A: adrenal insufficiency D: diuretics H: heat exhaustion
treatment of hyponatremia
Replace deficit with NS over 6-12 hours until signs of ECF deficit are stable.
❖ Water restriction.
❖ Diuretic therapy.
❖ Increased Na intake.
nursing interventions for hyponatremia
ADD SALT
A - Administer IV Saline solutions. ❖ D - Diuretics Or Dialysis. ❖ D - daily weights. ❖ S - Safety: orthostatic hypotension. ❖ A - Airway protection! ❖ L - Limit Water Intake - for patients with HYPER volemia. ❖ T - Teach Foods HIGH in salt.
Major cation in the ECF, obtained via diet and absorbed in the small intestines excreted via kidneys.
sodium
Maintains blood volume and blood pressure. Regulated by aldosterone: conserves sodium Regulation
sodium
how is sodium regulated?
ADH: thru dilution or retention of water
NA+ K+ PUMP: moves in and out of cells via active transport.
interventions of hypernatremia
MAGIC
M - monitor sodium intake and labs. ❖ A- Alkaseltzer, Aspirin, and cough preps should not be administered. ❖ G- gravity of urine should be monitored. ❖ I- I&O strict monitoring. ❖ C- Cardiac monitoring.
causes of hypernatremia
DIVA
❖ D- Dehydration.
❖ I - IV hypertonic solution excess.
❖ V - Vitamins “sodium” supplements.
❖ A - amount of sodium intake in excess.
hypervolemia
having too much fluid in the body
signs and symptoms of hypervoemia
- high blood pressure
- edema
- SOB due to extra fluid in lungs
What causes hypervolemia?
heart failure
kidney failure
cirrhosis
What is hypovolemia?
a state of decreased blood volume or bodily fluids such as diarrhea or vomiting
signs and symptoms of hypovolemia
- pale skin
- increased heart rate
- anxiety
- increased RR
- sweating
Most abundant cation in the Human body. 99% stored in the bones. Primary source is in the bones. You need Vitamin D to aid in absorption, this is obtained via diet and absorbed in the small intestine and excreted by the kidneys.
calcium
functions of calcium
ssists in building bones and teeth, facilitates blood clotting, essential for nerve impulses. Plays a key role in skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation, important for normal heart and muscle function.
what is calcium regulated by?
parathyroid, calcitriol and calcitonin
signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia
HE TWITCHES
H: hyperactive bowel sounds E: ekg changes T: tetany W: wink (chvostek') I: increased hr then decreased T: trousseau's sign C: circumorla numbness H: hyperactive deep tendon reflexes E: excitability S: seizures
What causes hypocalcemia?
Body's inability to absorb calcium ❖ Decreased calcium intake ❖ Vit D deficient ❖ Lactose intolerance ❖ Crohn's disease ❖ End stage kidney disease ❖ Diarrhea, steatorrhea ❖ Wound drainage ❖ Hyperproteinemia ❖ Alkalosis ❖ Chelating agents or calcium binders ❖ Acute pancreatitis ❖ Removal or damaged parathyroid ❖ Immobility ❖ Hyperphosphatemia
_______ decreases the amount of calcium bound to albumin, whereas _______ increases the bound fraction of calcium
acidosis; alkalosis
A reduction in total serum calcium can result from a decrease in this secondary to liver disease
albumin
what causes hypercalcemia?
HAM
hyperparathyroidism
antacids
malignancies cancer cells
this is reported as elevation of total plasma calcium levels rather than ionized calcium levels
Hypercalcemia
