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Pharmacology and Pathophysiology Own notes > IV solutions/ Hyper/Hypo Kalmia/Natremia > Flashcards

IV solutions/ Hyper/Hypo Kalmia/Natremia Flashcards

1
Q

IV solution that is used for people who may experience hypercalcemia

A

normal saline 0.9%

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2
Q

IV solution that is used for people who may experience shock, blood transfusions, or resuscitation

A

normal saline 0.9%

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3
Q

IV solution that is used for people who may experience metabolic alkalosis

A

normal saline 0.9%

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4
Q

IV solution that is used for people who may experience sodium and chloride depletion or gastric fluid loss from vomiting or nasogastric suctioning

A

1/2 normal saline 0.45% NaCL in water

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5
Q

IV solution that is used for people who need to replace fluid and buffers pH

A

lactated ringers

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6
Q

IV solution that is used for people who may experience hypovolemia due to third-space shifting

A

lactated ringers

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7
Q

IV solution that is used in people to raise fluid volume

A

D5W

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8
Q

IV solution that is used for people who may experience hypernatremia

A

D5W

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9
Q

how can hypo or hyperkalemia be determined?

A

ECG/EKG

level between 3.2 and 5.5 mEq/L

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10
Q

in what organ of the body is potassium abundant and what might this interfere with?

A

cardiac muscle; cardiac dysrhythmias

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11
Q

Nerve impulse induction; Essential for normal electrical conduction in the heart; Important for, skeletal muscle contraction

A

hypokalemia

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12
Q

Most common cation in the ECF. Obtained through diet; Absorbed in the small intestine; Excreted in the kidneys

A

potassium

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13
Q

causes of hypokalemia

GOT SHOT

A 
G- GI loss (Vomiting;
Diarrhea)
❖ O- Osmotic Diuresis (ex:
DKA)
T- Thiazide and loop
diuretics
❖ S- Severe Acid Imbalance ( alkalosis)
❖ H- Hyperaldosteronism
❖ O- Other meds such as
Corticosteroids
❖ T- Transcellular Shift (Using
insulin to treat DKA)
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14
Q

Interventions for hypokalemia

AID

A

assess EKG and ABG’s
IV potassium chloride
diet: green leafy vegetables

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15
Q

treatment for hypokalemia

A

Oral potassium
IV potassium
Potassium sparing diuretics

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16
Q

Tall peaked T waves, flat P waves, widened QRS complex, prolonged PR intervals

A

hyperkalemia

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17
Q

causes of hyperkalemia

MACHINE

A 
M:medications ace inhibitors
A: acidosis metabolic and respiratory
C: cell destruction
H: hypaldosterone
i: intake of excess K+
N: nephron destruction
E: excretion impaired
18
Q

treatments of hyperkalemia

DIRP

A

Dialysis
❖ IV calcium
❖ Regular insulin
❖ Potassium excreting diuretics

19
Q

causes of hyponatremia

SIADH

A 
S- SIADH
I: intoxication of water
A: adrenal insufficiency
D: diuretics
H: heat exhaustion
20
Q

treatment of hyponatremia

A

Replace deficit with NS over 6-12 hours until signs of ECF deficit are stable.
❖ Water restriction.
❖ Diuretic therapy.
❖ Increased Na intake.

21
Q

nursing interventions for hyponatremia

ADD SALT

A 
A - Administer IV Saline solutions.
❖ D - Diuretics Or Dialysis. 
❖ D - daily weights.
❖ S - Safety: orthostatic hypotension.
❖ A - Airway protection! 
❖ L - Limit Water Intake -
for patients with HYPER
volemia.
❖ T - Teach Foods HIGH in salt.
22
Q

Major cation in the ECF, obtained via diet and absorbed in the small intestines excreted via kidneys.

A

sodium

23
Q

Maintains blood volume and blood pressure. Regulated by aldosterone: conserves sodium Regulation

A

sodium

24
Q

how is sodium regulated?

A

ADH: thru dilution or retention of water

NA+ K+ PUMP: moves in and out of cells via active transport.

25
Q

interventions of hypernatremia

MAGIC

A 
M - monitor sodium intake and labs.
❖ A- Alkaseltzer, Aspirin, and cough preps should
not be administered.
❖ G- gravity of urine should
be monitored.
❖ I- I&O strict monitoring.
❖ C- Cardiac monitoring.
26
Q

causes of hypernatremia

DIVA

A

❖ D- Dehydration.
❖ I - IV hypertonic solution excess.
❖ V - Vitamins “sodium” supplements.
❖ A - amount of sodium intake in excess.

27
Q

hypervolemia

A

having too much fluid in the body

28
Q

signs and symptoms of hypervoemia

A
  • high blood pressure
  • edema
  • SOB due to extra fluid in lungs
29
Q

What causes hypervolemia?

A

heart failure
kidney failure
cirrhosis

30
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

a state of decreased blood volume or bodily fluids such as diarrhea or vomiting

31
Q

signs and symptoms of hypovolemia

A
  • pale skin
  • increased heart rate
  • anxiety
  • increased RR
  • sweating
32
Q

Most abundant cation in the Human body. 99% stored in the bones. Primary source is in the bones. You need Vitamin D to aid in absorption, this is obtained via diet and absorbed in the small intestine and excreted by the kidneys.

A

calcium

33
Q

functions of calcium

A

ssists in building bones and teeth, facilitates blood clotting, essential for nerve impulses. Plays a key role in skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation, important for normal heart and muscle function.

34
Q

what is calcium regulated by?

A

parathyroid, calcitriol and calcitonin

35
Q

signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia

HE TWITCHES

A 
H: hyperactive bowel sounds
E: ekg changes
T: tetany
W: wink (chvostek')
I: increased hr then decreased 
T: trousseau's sign
C: circumorla numbness
H: hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
E: excitability 
S: seizures
36
Q

What causes hypocalcemia?

A 
Body's inability to absorb calcium
❖ Decreased calcium intake
❖ Vit D deficient
❖ Lactose intolerance
❖ Crohn's disease
❖ End stage kidney disease
❖ Diarrhea, steatorrhea
❖ Wound drainage
❖ Hyperproteinemia
❖ Alkalosis
❖ Chelating agents or calcium
binders
❖ Acute pancreatitis
❖ Removal or damaged parathyroid
❖ Immobility
❖ Hyperphosphatemia
37
Q

_______ decreases the amount of calcium bound to albumin, whereas _______ increases the bound fraction of calcium

A

acidosis; alkalosis

38
Q

A reduction in total serum calcium can result from a decrease in this secondary to liver disease

A

albumin

39
Q

what causes hypercalcemia?

HAM

A

hyperparathyroidism
antacids
malignancies cancer cells

40
Q

this is reported as elevation of total plasma calcium levels rather than ionized calcium levels

A

Hypercalcemia

Pharmacology and Pathophysiology Own notes (9 decks)

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