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Health Psychology > Stress Illness & Moderators, Managing Stress > Flashcards

Stress Illness & Moderators, Managing Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

According to Lazarus’ transactional model of stress and coping, when does stress occur?

A

When there is a mismatch between an individual’s perception of demands and resources in a particular situation

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2
Q

What is coping?

A

Altering a stressor or how it is interpreted - anything a person does to reduce the impact of a stressor

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3
Q

What are the 5 main coping tasks described by Cohen & Lazarus that contribute to successful adaptation of a stressor?

A
  • Reducing harmful external conditions
  • Tolerating/adjusting to negative events
  • Maintaining a positive self-image
  • Maintaining emotional equilibrium and decreasing emotional stress
  • Maintaining a satisfactory relationship with the environment or others
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4
Q

Why does coping need to be flexible to change to be effective?

A

Because it’s highly dependent on context

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5
Q

In Lazarus’ model of coping, why is it hard to know which coping strategies will be effective in certain situations?

A

Because both problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies work together to create overall coping responses in any situation

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6
Q

What do clusters of personality traits often provide?

A

Typologies

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7
Q

What are some of the methods of association between personality variables and health/illness?

A
  • Personality can be predictive of disease onset (psychosomatic tradition)
  • Personality may change as a result of illness (somatopsychic link)
  • Personality may promote unhealthy behaviours predictive of disease (indirect link)
  • Personality may influence illness progression/outcome because it influences coping responses
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8
Q

What personality traits are associated with Type A behaviour?

A
  • Competitiveness
  • Time-urgent behaviours
  • Easily annoyed/aroused
  • Impatience
  • Achievement-oriented behaviour
  • Exhibit a vigorous speech pattern
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9
Q

What other personality features have been associated with health/illness?

A
  • Hostility/anger
  • Type C personality
  • Type D personality
  • Neuroticism
  • Hardiness
  • Optimism
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10
Q

What are Type C & Type D personalities?

A

Type C: Cooperative, appeasing, compliant, passive, self-sacrificing

Type D: Avoid social contact, inhibit negative emotions

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11
Q

What does locus of control refer to?

A

A trait-like expectation that personal actions will be effective in controlling/mastering the environment

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12
Q

What are some of the other types of control, other than locus of control?

A
  • Behavioural: Belief that a behaviour will reduce the negative impact of a stressor
  • Cognitive: Belief that thought processes will reduce the negative impact of a stressor
  • Decisional: Opportunity to choose between options
  • Informational: Opportunity to find out about the stressor
  • Retrospective: Attributions of cause/control over an event after it happens
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13
Q

What are some of the findings about depression & anxiety in relation to health/illness?

A
  • Depression may reduce likelihood of healthy behaviour
  • Depression/anxiety may influence appraisals during stressful events
  • Depression/anxiety may influence coping
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14
Q

What is the association between social support and health/illness?

A

When social support is perceived as being available, it affects how individuals appraise and respond to events

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15
Q

What are the 5 basic types of social support?

A
  • Emotional
  • Esteem
  • Tangible/instrumental
  • Informational
  • Network
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16
Q

What is the direct effect hypothesis of social support?

A

Social support is beneficial regardless of the amount of stress

17
Q

What is the buffering hypothesis of social support?

A

Social support protects the person against negative effects of high stress

18
Q

How can stress be reduced at different levels?

A
  • Systemic: Organisations, society, reducing sources of stress
  • Individual: Changing strategies to coping with stress
19
Q

What are the 7 main causes of stress and burnout in hospitals?

A
  • Job
  • Role
  • Career development
  • Relationships at work
  • Organisational structures
  • Family pressures
  • Grieving
20
Q

What did Beck & Ellis consider stress to be the result of?

A

Misinterpretations of environmental events/cognitions that exaggerate the negative aspects & influence a person to lose focus on positive aspects

21
Q

What are the automatic thoughts leading to negative emotions identified by Beck?

A
  • Catastrophic thinking
  • Over-generalisations
  • Arbitrary inference: Drawing a conclusion without evidence
  • Selective abstraction: Focusing on a detail taken out of context
22
Q

What are some of the factors that can be changed to reduce individual stress?

A
  • Environmental triggers
  • Inappropriate behavioural, physiological, cognitive responses
  • Identifying triggers
  • Identifying & changing cognitive distortions
  • High levels of muscle tension/arousal reduced through relaxation
  • Stressed behaviours
23
Q

What are the 3 phases of problem-focused counselling to change stress triggers?

A
  • Problem exploration/clarification: What are the triggers?
  • Goal setting: What triggers do you want to change?
  • Facilitating action: How do you change the triggers?
24
Q

What are the 3 phases of learning relaxation skills?

A
  • Learning basic skills
  • Monitoring tension in daily life
  • Using relaxation at times of stress
25
Q

What are 2 cognitive interventions for changing cognitions?

A
  • Self-instruction training: Interrupting flow of stress-provoking thoughts, replaces with coping thoughts
  • Cognitive restructuring: Identifying/challenging the accuracy of stress-provoking thoughts
26
Q

What is the downward arrow technique?

A

Asking key questions to identify distortions in core beliefs when individuals express inappropriate thoughts or reactions to events e.g. losing job because didn’t get drunk at a party

Health Psychology (12 decks)

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