Predicting Health Behaviour Flashcards
What are the big 5 personality traits according to McCrae & Costa (1987)?
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness
What personal factors influence health behaviour?
Personality traits
Attitudes
Locus of control
Unrealistic optimism
What 3 parts are attitudes made up of?
- Cognition: Beliefs about the attitude-object
- Emotional: Feelings towards the attitude-object
- Behavioural: Intended action towards the attitude-object
What are the 3 dimensions identified by the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale?
- Internal: Individuals see themselves as the prime determinant of their health state
- External: External forces such as luck or fate are seen to determine an individual’s health state
- Powerful others: Health state is determined by the actions of others, e.g. medical professionals
What are the 4 factors associated with unrealistic optimism?
- Lack of personal experience with the behaviour/problem
- Belief that their individual actions can prevent the problem
- Belief that if the problem has not emerged already it is unlikely to do so in the future
- Belief that the problem is rare
What is an example of humans being inconsistent in their health behaviours?
People who exercise also smoke
What does the Health Belief Model propose?
The possibility that a person will engage in a particular health behaviour depends on demographic variables and a variety of beliefs that might arise after a particular internal or external cue to action
What 3 elements of the health belief model contribute to likelihood of the behaviour?
Perceived benefits
Cues to action
Health motivation
What are the 2 elements of perception of threat?
Perceived severity
Perceived susceptibility
What are the 2 elements of behavioural evaluation?
Perceived benefits (of change) Perceived barriers (to change)
What are examples of internal and external cues to action?
External: I’m worried about something I saw on TV about obesity
Internal: I feel tired from walking, maybe I should think about dieting
Why does the HBM only provide a limited account of human action?
Because its components only account for a small proportion of variance in behaviour change and the role of social norms and influence have been ignored
What does the Theory of Reasoned Action assume?
- Individuals behave in a goal-directed manner
- Implications of actions (outcome expectancies) are weighed up in a rational manner
What does the Theory of Reasoned Action aim to explore & develop?
The psychological processes involved in making a link between attitude and behaviour
Why was the TRA model extended to include the concept of perceived behavioural control (becoming known as the TPB)?
To improve its ability to address non-volitional behaviour (behaviour that is not under a person’s control)
What is perceived behavioural control?
A person’s belief that they have control over their behaviour in certain situations, even in the face of barriers
What does perceived behaviour control directly and indirectly influence?
Directly: person’s intention
Indirectly: behaviour
What are some other variables that may add to a person’s intention and subsequent behaviour?
- Moral norms: Some intentions/behaviours may be partially motivated by moral norms
- Anticipatory regret: If certain behavioural decisions are made/not made
- Self-identity: How one perceives/labels themself may influence intention
- Implementation intention: Part of the process involved in turning an intention into an action
- Self-efficacy beliefs may be more strongly associated with behaviour than perceived behaviour control beliefs
What do stage of change models consider?
Individuals as being at discrete ordered stages, with each stage representing a greater inclination to a change outcome
What are the 4 properties of stage models?
- Classification system to define stages
- Ordering of stages
- Common barriers to change facing people within the same stage
- Different barriers to change facing people in different stages
Why was the Transtheoretical model developed?
To address intentional behaviour change and was initially applied to smoking cessation
What are the 2 main assumptions of the Transtheoretical model?
- People move through stages of change
- The processes involved at each stage are different
What are the 5 stages of motivational readiness outlined by the Transtheoretical model?
- Pre-contemplation: No intention to change
- Contemplation: Awareness of need for change, but no plan for action
- Preparation: Setting goals, making plans
- Action: Behaviour change
- Maintenance
What are the 2 less common additional stages of the Transtheoretical model?
- Termination: Person feels no temptation to lapse, belief in self-efficacy to maintain the change
- Relapse: Returning to former behaviour/previous stage, can occur at any stage
Why is the Transtheoretical model sometimes referred to as a spiral model?
It allows movement from one stage to another (forwards or backwards, with or without relapse)
What are the psychological processes involves with each stage of the Transtheoretical model?
- Pre-contemplation: Denial, low self-efficacy, more barriers
- Contemplation: Seeking information, reduced barriers, increased benefits
- Preparation: Goal setting, motivation, self-efficacy
- Action: Realistic goal setting, social support
- Maintenance: Self-monitoring, reinforcement
Why was the Precaution Adoption Process Model developed?
As a framework for understanding deliberate actions taken to decrease health risks
What are the 7 stages of the PAPM?
- Unaware of issue
- Unengaged (unrealistic optimism)
- Considering whether to act
- Deciding not to act
- Deciding to act
- Action
- Maintenance
Why was the Health Action Process Approach model developed?
To apply to all health-compromising and health-enhancing behaviours
What does the HAPA model suggest?
The adoption, initiation and maintenance of health behaviour must be explicitly viewed as a process that comprises at least a preintentional motivation phase and a post-intention volition phase
What does the motivation phase of the HAPA model involve?
- Self efficacy
- Outcome expectancies
- Risk perception (severity/suceptibility)
- Imagining successful outcomes, being confident in ability to achieve them
What does the volition phase of the HAPA model involve?
- Action planning
- Implementation/intentions
- Maintenance
