Reducing Risk of Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 common types of screening programs?

A
  • Genetic risk for disease
  • Early detection of disease/precursors
  • Behavioural risk for disease
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2
Q

How can screening programs affect people emotionally?

A
  • Knowledge of risk can greatly impact individual/family

- Can be very stressful

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3
Q

Why might genetic counselling lead to psychological morbidity?

A
  • Client is often healthy
  • Genetic information is probabilistic/uncertain
  • Control over disease onset is limited
  • Individual/family self-esteem can be affected
  • High levels of anxiety
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4
Q

In terms of screening, what are high levels of anxiety associated with?

A
  • Over estimation of risk
  • Non-adherence
  • Having prophylactic surgery even when risk is low
  • Genetic testing
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5
Q

What are some of the strategies for changing risk behaviour?

A
  • Implementing interventions in line with stage of change
  • Motivational interviewing
  • Information provision
  • Problem-solving approaches
  • Problem exploration & clarification
  • Goal setting
  • Facilitating action
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6
Q

What are the 4 stages of change in Heckhausen’s model?

A
  • Pre-decisional: Thinking about desirability/feasability of change
  • Decisional: Consideration of plans
  • Change: Thinking about initiating/maintaining change
  • Evaluative: Consideration of achievements compared to goals, leads to regulation, maintenance or relapse
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7
Q

What type of people is motivational interviewing most effective for?

A

People who are reluctant to engage in change

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8
Q

What is the goal of motivational interviewing?

A

Increase a person’s motivation to consider change without showing them how to change

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9
Q

What are the key questions within motivational interviewing?

A
  • What are some of the good things about your present behaviuor?
  • What are some of the not so good things about your present behaviour?
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10
Q

What are some of the other strategies of motivational interviewing?

A
  • Expressing empathy/using reflective listening
  • Avoiding arguments by assuming the individual is responsible for the decision
  • Rolling with resistance
  • Supporting self-efficacy & optimism for change
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11
Q

What do problem focused interventions consider?

A

How to change, rather than what to change

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12
Q

What are the 3 phases of counselling?

A
  • Problem exploration: Identify potential problems in achieving change
  • Goal setting
  • Facilitating action
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13
Q

How is problem solving used for smoking cessation?

A
  • Identifying that smoking is driven by a habit and a physiological need for nicotine
  • Addressing each of these issues
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14
Q

What is a key process of modelling and achieving change?

A

Learning skills from observations of others performing them (vicarious learning)

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15
Q

What does Bandura’s Social Learning Theory suggest?

A

Skills & self-efficacy can be increased through a number of simple procedures, e.g. observing others, practicing

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16
Q

How can individuals’ behaviour be shaped when learning complex skills?

A

By observing the progressive learning of skills by models, e.g. watching videos

17
Q

How do cognitive strategies differ from behavioural strategies?

A

Cognitive: Attempt to change cognitions directly
Behavioural: Attemp to influence behaviour and indirectly influence cognitions

18
Q

What is the main principal of cognitive therapy?

A

Thoughts are central to the regulation of behaviour, influencing feelings, motivations and actions

19
Q

What is the role of cognitive therapy?

A
  • To teach individuals to treat their beliefs as hypotheses not facts
  • To look at different ways of seeing a situation
  • To have different responses based on these new ways of thinking
20
Q

What is Socratic dialogue?

A

When a person’s beliefs about particular issues are identified and questioned by the therapist - guided discovery

21
Q

What does Socratic dialogue help individuals to do?

A
  • Identify distorted patterns of thinking that contributes to their problems
  • Consider/evaluate different sources of information
  • Identify/challenge automatic thoughts in the real world
  • Replace thoughts that drive inappropriate behaviour
22
Q

What are the benefits of homework tasks?

A
  • Challenge inappropriate cognitive beliefs

- Influence long term cognitive and behavioural changes