Reducing Risk of Disease Flashcards
What are the 3 common types of screening programs?
- Genetic risk for disease
- Early detection of disease/precursors
- Behavioural risk for disease
How can screening programs affect people emotionally?
- Knowledge of risk can greatly impact individual/family
- Can be very stressful
Why might genetic counselling lead to psychological morbidity?
- Client is often healthy
- Genetic information is probabilistic/uncertain
- Control over disease onset is limited
- Individual/family self-esteem can be affected
- High levels of anxiety
In terms of screening, what are high levels of anxiety associated with?
- Over estimation of risk
- Non-adherence
- Having prophylactic surgery even when risk is low
- Genetic testing
What are some of the strategies for changing risk behaviour?
- Implementing interventions in line with stage of change
- Motivational interviewing
- Information provision
- Problem-solving approaches
- Problem exploration & clarification
- Goal setting
- Facilitating action
What are the 4 stages of change in Heckhausen’s model?
- Pre-decisional: Thinking about desirability/feasability of change
- Decisional: Consideration of plans
- Change: Thinking about initiating/maintaining change
- Evaluative: Consideration of achievements compared to goals, leads to regulation, maintenance or relapse
What type of people is motivational interviewing most effective for?
People who are reluctant to engage in change
What is the goal of motivational interviewing?
Increase a person’s motivation to consider change without showing them how to change
What are the key questions within motivational interviewing?
- What are some of the good things about your present behaviuor?
- What are some of the not so good things about your present behaviour?
What are some of the other strategies of motivational interviewing?
- Expressing empathy/using reflective listening
- Avoiding arguments by assuming the individual is responsible for the decision
- Rolling with resistance
- Supporting self-efficacy & optimism for change
What do problem focused interventions consider?
How to change, rather than what to change
What are the 3 phases of counselling?
- Problem exploration: Identify potential problems in achieving change
- Goal setting
- Facilitating action
How is problem solving used for smoking cessation?
- Identifying that smoking is driven by a habit and a physiological need for nicotine
- Addressing each of these issues
What is a key process of modelling and achieving change?
Learning skills from observations of others performing them (vicarious learning)
What does Bandura’s Social Learning Theory suggest?
Skills & self-efficacy can be increased through a number of simple procedures, e.g. observing others, practicing
