Population Approaches to Public Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What does evidence show about isolated mass media campaigns?

A
  • Little evidence that they have significant impact on health-related behaviours
  • May be better used to raise awareness of health issues rather than to cause behaviour change
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2
Q

Why are single media campaigns still frequently used despite limited effect?

A

Because they reach a large number of people with relative ease

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3
Q

What are some of the methods used to maximise the effectiveness of single media campaigns?

A
  • Refining communication to maximise influence on attitudes
  • Fear messages
  • More specific targeting of interventions
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4
Q

What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)?

A

A method for refining communication for those people less motivated to consider change

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5
Q

What does the ELM suggest about the use of rational arguments?

A

They won’t influence people who aren’t already interested in the issue. Only people with a pre-existing interest will be likely to attend to and act on the information

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6
Q

When are individuals more likely to centrally process messages?

A

If they are motivated to receive an argument when:

  • it matches their pre-existing beliefs
  • it is personally relevant to them
  • they have the intellectual capacity to understand the message
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7
Q

What is the difference between central processing and peripheral processing?

A

Central processing: Individuals motivated to receive an argument

Peripheral processing: Individuals who aren’t interested in the issue, aren’t motivated to process the messages

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8
Q

What does peripheral processing involve?

A

Maximising the credibility & attractiveness of the source/message by using indirect information & cues

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9
Q

What did Kirby et al. (1998) find enhances the effectiveness of some interventions?

A

Combining central processing with peripheral cues

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10
Q

What do most studies show about peripheral cues?

A

Information containing carefully chosen peripheral cues can facilitate attitudinal change in people who are unmotivated to consider issues

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11
Q

What does evidence show about the effectiveness of fear messages?

A
  • Relatively effective in creating behaviour change

- High levels of threat are ineffective, e.g. fear arousal campaign for HIV/AIDS

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12
Q

What characteristics did Rogers (1983) find make fear messages most effective?

A
  • Arouse fear
  • Increase the sense of severity if no change is made
  • Emphasise the ability of the individual to prevent the feared outcome
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13
Q

Targeting a media campaign audience can be based on what factors?

A
Behaviour
Age
Gender
Socio-economic status
Sexuality
Psychological factors, including motivation to consider change
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14
Q

What were the groups of people in society identified by Rogers (1983)?

A
  • Innovators: Seek out/test new ideas
  • Early adopters: Opinion leaders, more influential
  • Early majority: Adopt ideas quickly, not influential
  • Late majority: Cautious, adopt ideas after they have been well tested by previous groups
  • Laggards: Suspicious of change, adopt it late or not at all
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15
Q

What innovation factors can influence uptake of certain behaviours?

A
  • Its advantage over previous behaviours
  • Its compatibility with the values/norms of the social system its trying to influence (nothing too drastic)
  • Ease of uptake (nothing too hard)
  • Evidence of effectiveness
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16
Q

How can the environment influence health behaviours?

A
  • May contribute directly to risk for disease

- May indirectly influence the ease with which health promoting/damaging behaviours can be conducted

17
Q

The Health Belief Model outlines that an environment that encourages health behaviours should -?

A
  • Provide cues to action/remove cues to unhealthy behaviours
  • Enable healthy behaviours by minimising associated costs/barriers
  • Increase the costs of engaging in health damaging behaviours
18
Q

What are some ways of disrupting habit and hence changing behaviour?

A
  • Changing location of healthy/unhealthy food on supermarket shelves
  • Adding nutritional info to packaging
  • Warnings on tobacco products
  • Advertisements
19
Q

What are cues to action?

A

Things that remind us to behave in a healthy manner or change our unhealthy behaviour

20
Q

How can environments inhibit healthy behaviour?

A

Poor street lighting
Busy roads
High levels of pollution
Shops that sell healthy foods not easily accessible

21
Q

What should an environment that is safe and supportive of healthy living promote?

A
  • Safety
  • Opportunities for social integration
  • Ability of people to have control over their own lives
22
Q

What are some of the priorities for the Healthy City Movement?

A
  • Reducing health inequalities
  • Traffic control
  • Tobacco control
  • Care for elderly/people with mental health problems
23
Q

What is an example of a barrier to unhealthy behaviour which is designed to facilitate healthy behaviour?

A

Alcohol/tobacco tax

24
Q

What are some of the approaches used by worksite health programs to promote healthy behaviour?

A
  • Screening for risk factors for disease
  • Health education
  • Provision of healthy food in eating areas
  • Economic incentives
  • Manipulating social support
  • No-smoking areas