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Health Psychology > Health Related Behaviours > Flashcards

Health Related Behaviours Flashcards

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1
Q

How do Kasl & Cobb (1966) define health behaviour?

A

Any activity undertaken by a person believing themselves to be healthy for the purposes of preventing disease or detecting it at an asymptomatic stage

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2
Q

What does Kasl & Cobb’s definition of health behaviour not consider?

A

Many people engage in health-related behaviours for reasons other than prevention of disease, e.g. weight control, appearance, pleasure etc

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3
Q

What is the difference between behavioural pathogens and behavioural immunogens?

A

Pathogens: Health damaging behaviours
Immunogens: Health protective behaviours

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4
Q

What are the 7 key behaviours the Alameda County Study found are associated with health and longevity?

A
  • Sleeping 7-8 hours per night
  • Not smoking
  • No more than 1-2 alcoholic drinks per day
  • Regular exercise
  • No eating between meals
  • Eating breakfast
  • Being no more than 10% overweight
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5
Q

What are the global top 10 leading risk factors for disease?

A

1) Underweight
2) Unprotected sexual intercourse
3) High BP
4) Tobacco
5) Alcohol
6) Unsafe water, poor sanitation/hygiene
7) Iron deficiency
8) Indoor smoke from solid fuels
9) High cholesterol
10) Obesity

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6
Q

What diseases/behaviours are associated with a high level of mortality in developed countries?

A
  • Heart disease: Smoking, diet, no exercise
  • Cancer: Smoking, diet, alcohol, sexual behaviour
  • Stroke: Smoking, diet, alcohol
  • Pneumonia/influenza: Smoking, not vaccinated
  • HIV/AIDS: Unsafe sex
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7
Q

How do fat intake, cholesterol and salt contribute to disease?

A

Fat intake/cholesterol: Linked to several serious illnesses including coronary heart disease & cancer
Salt: Linked to hypertension

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8
Q

What are some of the negative consequences of obesity?

A 
Hypertension
Heart disease
Type-2 diabetes
Osteoarthritis/low back pain
Psychology ill-health (e.g. low self esteem)
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9
Q

What are the 2 causes of obesity?

A
  • Genetics: Greater number of fat cells, lower metabolic rates
  • Behavioural/environmental factors
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10
Q

What is the second most used psychoactive substance in the world, after caffeine?

A

Alcohol

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11
Q

In what ways can alcohol negatively affect health?

A
  • Alcohol dependence

- Acute/prolonged episodes of heavy drinking

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12
Q

What are some of the problems associated with excessive alcohol intake?

A
  • Accidents
  • Behaviour (aggression, suicide etc)
  • Liver cirrhosis
  • Cancer
  • Hypertension
  • Heart disease
  • Stroke
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13
Q

What are the Australian guidelines for alcohol intake?

A

Men

  • No more than 4 standard drinks per day on average
  • No more than 6 standard drinks on any one day

Women

  • No more than 2 standard drinks per day on average
  • No more than 4 standard drinks on any one day
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14
Q

What are the main reasons young people take up smoking?

A
  • Modelling: Children with significant others who smoke are much more likely to smoke
  • Social pressure
  • Weight control: Particularly in young women
  • Attitudes
  • Risk-taking behaviours
  • Health cognition: Unrealistic optimism
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15
Q

What are the main reasons people continue smoking?

A
  • Pleasure/enjoyment
  • Habit/addiction
  • Stress management/anxiety control
  • Lack of belief in ability to quit (low self-efficacy)
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16
Q

What are some of the risks associated with unprotected sex?

A
  • Unwanted pregnancy

- Diseases e.g. STIs & HIV

17
Q

Why do health educators have challenges promoting safe sex practices?

A

Because sex is a social behaviour, rather than an individual behaviour

18
Q

What are some of the barriers against condom use reported by women?

A
  • Anticipating partner’s rejection
  • Difficulty raising the issue
  • Concerns their partner will assume the worst
  • Lack of mastery in condom use
19
Q

Why are fruits and vegetables important?

A
  • Contain vitamins, antioxidants & fibre

- Provide protection against diseases e.g. storke, cancer

20
Q

What are the benefits of exercise?

A
  • Reduces risk of CVD, type 2 diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, cancer
  • Associated with a significant downturn in all-cause mortality
  • Helps maintain energy balance
  • Psychological benefits
21
Q

What biological mechanisms are the psychological benefits of exercise attributed to?

A
  • Release of natural opiates, producing a natural high
  • Release of catecholamines, which counter stress & enhance mood
  • Muscle relaxation, reduced tension
22
Q

What is the inverse relationship that exists between exercise and positive mood?

A

Individuals are less likely to maintain intense exercise than moderate. Beyond a certain level exercise may be detrimental to mood

23
Q

What are some of the reasons why people exercise?

A
  • Physical fitness
  • Weightloss/change appearance
  • Maintain/enhance health
  • Improve self image and mood
  • Stress reduction
  • Social activity
24
Q

What are the 2 broad purposes of health screening?

A

1) Detect asymptomatic signs of disease

2) Identify risk factors for illness to enable behaviour change

25
Q

What are some examples of screening for disease detection?

A
  • Mammography (breast cancer)
  • Pap-smear (cervical cancer)
  • Antenatal (birth defects)
  • Bone density screening
26
Q

What are some examples of screening for risk factors?

A
  • Screening for CVD risk (BP, cholesterol)
  • Eye tests
  • Genetic testing for carrier status for Huntington’s disease, or breast/colon cancer
  • Prenatal genetic testing
  • Antenatal screening
27
Q

What are some of the factors associated with non-uptake of screening behaviour?

A
  • Low levels of education/income
  • Age (younger)
  • Lack of knowledge
  • Embarrassment
  • Fear of something bad
  • Fear of pain/discomfort
  • Lack of self-belief in ability to perform self-examination correctly
28
Q

What does vaccination involve?

A

Introducing a small amount of an antigen so the body can recognise it and produce antibodies to fight it

Health Psychology (12 decks)

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