stress as a psychobiological process Flashcards
define stress
- a state of physiological and psychological arousal produced by internal or external stressors (stimuli that produce stress)
- perceived as challenging or exceeding ability/resources to cope
why can two people evaluate their situations differently?
- stress is subjective
- depends on personal interpretation of the event + ability to cope
- psych factors influence how we respond to stressors eg. prior experience, attitudes, motivation, personality
what is eustress?
- positive psychological response to a stressor
eg. - feeling enthusiastic, motivated, active, alert about getting new job
- excited ab first date
-short term - allows us to achieve peak performance
what is distress?
- negative psychological response to a stressor
eg. - feeling angry, nervous, irritable, tension ab getting a new job
- anxious ab financial pressures
- can be short term, can persist over time
what are the 5 sources of stress?
- daily pressures
- life events
- acculturative stress
- major stress
- catastrophes that disrupt whole communities
what is daily pressures?
- little problems of everyday living that annoy/bother us
eg. - misplacing or losing things
- not being able to fall asleep
small & not so significant
why does daily pressures cause distress?
- can accumulate to become a more negative experience and a major source of stress
- more hassles= contribute to ill-heath
eg. physical: flu, sore throat, headaches; mental: mood disturbances
what is life events?
- significant experiences that involve change which forces us to adapt to new circumstances
eg. - Getting a divorce; lonelier, children: will either live with one parent, separately or move back and forth, financial difficulty
- Getting married, less time, less privacy, expensive
can be positive or negative
why does life events cause stress?
- brings about change
- requires adjusting their lifestyle, and therefore their established ways of thinking, feeling and behaving
- stress levels vary depending on the (stressor) and the level of readjustment required
what is acculturative stress?
- Trying to adapt to a new culture when living in it for a considerable period of time
eg. - escaping persecution, racial discrimination, language difficulties, lower socio-economic status, separation from family+friends
why does acculturative stress cause stress?
- can alleviate stress
- adjusting to new culture= stress-producing
- belonging to cultural/ethnic minority increases risk of stress problems
- reduced: new place embraces ethnic diversity, familiarity of language, social support
what is major stress?
- Event that is extraordinarily stressful or disturbing for almost everyone experiencing it
eg. victim of violence, serious accident, terminal illness - Tend to be life-threatening
- Associated with high levels of distress
why does major stress cause stress?
- Psychologically traumatic events that result in difficulty with coping/functioning as normal
what is catastrophes (that disrupt whole communities)
- Unredictable event that causes widespread damage or suffering
eg. - 2004 tsunami
- Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
disrupts whole communities + uncontrollable
why does catastrophes cause stress?
- uncontrollable intense= leaves victims in state of shock or fear
- risk life or major injury
- causes damage or suffering
- amount of exposure risks future mental health problems
what does hans selye’s general adaptation syndrome propose?
- stress= body’s physiological response to physical & psychological demands, regardless of stressor
- stress is non-specific= physiological arousal patterns to stressors are generally the same (both physical & psychological demands)
what is stage 1 of GAS response?
ALARM REACTION: mobilise body when first becoming aware of stressor
- initial decrease followed by intense arousal
what is alarm reaction shock?
- first encounter w stressor
- ability to deal with stressor (arousal) falls below normal level
- body reacts like its injured; blood pressure+temp drop
what is alarm reaction counter shock?
- heightened physiological arousal
- resistance to stressor starts to increase above normal level
- sympathetic ns; fight-flight activated to prepare to respond to stressor
what is stage 2 of GAS response?
RESISTANCE: stressor not dealt with= body continues to respond to cope w stressor
- body’s resistance to stressors rises above normal
-unnecessary physio processes are shut down
why might you see early signs of illness during stage 2 of GAS model?
- ability to deal w initial stressor increases= resistance to others decreases
- prolonged release of cortisol to further energise body= weakens immune activity= interferes w ability to fight disease
what happens if the stressor is dealt with in stage 2?
- effort is successful= organism adapts
- body returns to normal functioning (homeostasis)
what is stage 3 of GAS response?
EXHAUSTION: stressor not dealt with= enter final stage
- body cannot sustain its resistance= resistance falls below normal levels
why are we prone to disease during stage 3 of GAS?
- body’s resources are depleted from ongoing stress
- impaired immune functioning= more vulnerable to range of physical and mental disorders
eg. - high levels of anxiety and depression
- hypertension & gastrointestinal problems
what are 3 strengths of GAS model?
- suggested stress weakens abilty to fight infection
- identifies bio processes in stress response