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process of memory Flashcards

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1
Q

define memory

A
  • the processing, storage and retrieval of info acquired through learning
  • consists of a collection of interconnected & interacting systems
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2
Q

what are the 3 processes of memory?

A
  • encoding
  • storage
  • retrieval
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3
Q

what is encoding

A

converting info into a usable form so it can be neurologically represented in the brain and stored in memory

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4
Q

what is storage

A

saving encoded info overtime

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5
Q

what is retrieval

A

locating & recovering previously stored info into conscious awareness

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6
Q

what does the atkinson shiffrin multi-store model of memory propose?

A

memory consisted of 3 different components:
- sensory memory
- short-term memory
- long-term memory

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7
Q

what are the structural features of memory?

A

permanent, fixed features that do not change
- function
- capacity
- duration

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8
Q

what are the control processes of memory?

A

under conscious control of individual and is selected and used depending on situation
- attention
- rehearsal
- retrieval strategy

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9
Q

what is needed for info to be encoded into STM?

A

Attention
- awareness is needed
- transferred into conscious awareness
- lost from SM if not attended to

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10
Q

how is info encoded into LTM? how can STM duration be increased?

A

rehearsal: continual repetition of info to aid storage in STM & transfer to LTM
- chunking: divide into smaller bits of info

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11
Q

what happens if we don’t retrieve info over time?

A
  • access to some info may be lost or become inaccessible
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12
Q

what is sensory memory and its function?

A
  • entry point where raw sensory info is registered
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13
Q

what is the capacity of sensory memory?

A
  • unlimited capacity
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14
Q

what is the duration of sensory memory?

A

brief -> 0.2-4 seconds

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15
Q

how is the duration of sensory memory helpful?

A
  • long enough for us to filter what is important to be transferred to STM
  • long enough for each sensory impression to slightly overlap the next= perceive world as continuous rather than disjointed
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16
Q

what are the two types of sensory memory and their function?

A

iconic memory: stores visual images

echoic memory: stores sound stimuli

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17
Q

what is the duration of iconic memory and how is it helpful?

A

0.3 seconds
- stores long enough for images to overlap
- allows perception of flowing movement

18
Q

what is the duration of echoic memory and how is it helpful?

A
  • 3-4 seconds
  • each sound slightly overlaps
  • allows comprehension of speech by connecting individual sounds into coherent words and sentences
19
Q

why is stm also called working memory?

A
  • emphasises active processing & use of info
  • info from sensory memory is processed
  • info retrieved from LTM to be manipulated
20
Q

what is the function of STM?

A
  • temporarily hold info
  • info actively ‘worked on’ and used in conscious cognitive activity
21
Q

what is the duration of STM?

A

12-18 seconds
- can last up to 30s

22
Q

what is the capacity of STM?

A

limited capacity of 7+/-2 bits of info

23
Q

what are 2 ways info can be lost from stm?

A

decay: not being used through rehearsal eg. distractions
displacement: being pushed out by new info

24
Q

what is the function of LTM?

A
  • relatively permanent storage of info to be retrieved in the future
25
Q

what is the capacity of LTM?

A

potentially unlimited

26
Q

what is the duration of LTM?

A

potentially life-long

27
Q

what are the 2 typse of LTMs?

A

declarative memory: can ‘state’ (knowing that)
non-declarative memory: hard to ‘state’ (knowing how)

28
Q

what are the 2 types of declarative memories? examples?

A
  • episodic memory: favourite holiday, first day at school
  • semantic memory: where you live, knowing ur timetables
29
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

personally experienced events
- includes time, place, psych & physio states @ the time of event

30
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

facts & knowledge about the world
- don’t have details of time & place where you learnt them

31
Q

what are the two types of non-declarative memories + examples?

A

procedural memory: riding a bike, using chopsticks
cc responses: fear from hearing drill @ dentist, feeling sick seeing corn

32
Q

what is procedural memory?

A

memory of motor skills & actions
- performed without conscious awareness

33
Q

what are the 2 ways info from LTM can be retrieved and expressed?

A
  • explicit memory
  • implicit memory
34
Q

what is explicit memory

A
  • memory that requires conscious or intentional retrieval
35
Q

what is implicit memory?

A
  • memory that does not require conscious or intentional retrieval
  • unaware you are remembering it -> effortless
  • existence is inferred through actions
36
Q

what is the role of the cerebral cortex in LTM storage & formation?

A
  • stores explicit memories
  • storage of info tends to be in areas where it was first processed
    eg. episodic memory of rock concert, semantic memory of location and day of the concert
37
Q

what is the role of the hippocampus in LTM?

A
  • consolidates declarative aspects of memory (who, where, what) from STM to LTM so they are long-lasting and stable
  • transfers info to cerebral cortex for storage
38
Q

what is the role of the amygdala in LTM storage & formation?

A
  • processsing emotional aspects of episodic memories
  • encodes cc emotional responses
39
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum in LTM formation & storage and type of memory?

A
  • encoding & temporary storage of implicit procedural memories
  • forms and stores simple cc reflexes
40
Q

consolidation theory in terms of memory

A
  • transfer of info from STM to LTM requires a period of time for permanent storage to occur
  • biological/neuronal changes occur when we keep thinking about the event (scenario)
  • if consolidation of memory was not disrupted by (scenario)= likely memory passed into LTM

big brain (13 decks)

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