mental disorder Flashcards
what is the 4P model
- types of influences that contribute to the development and progression of mental health disorder
- predisposing risk factors
- precipitating risk factors
- perpetuating risk factors
- protective factors
what are risk factors?
any characteristic or event that increases the likelihood of the development or progression of a mental disorder
- number of risk factors increase
= likelihood of developing mental disorder increases
= likelihood of recovery is inhibited
how are risk factors reduced?
protective factors: any characteristic of event that reduces the likelihood of the occurrence or reoccurrence of a mental disorder, either on its own or when risk factors are present
what is a predisposing risk factor?
increases susceptibility to a mental disorder
- not ‘casual’ factors
- make it likely you will suffer from a particular illness➝ make more vulnerable
what are precipitating risk factors?
increases susceptibility to and contributes to the occurrence of a mental disorder
- immediate factors that tigger the symptoms
- to make something, especially something bad, happen suddenly or sooner➝ trigger, provoke, induce
what are perpetuating risk factors?
maintains the occurrence of a mental disorder and inhibits recovery
- cause symptoms to continue or worsen
- to make something continue for a long time➝ prolong, continue, maintain, extend
what are protective factors?
reduces or prevents the occurrence or reoccurrence of a mental disorder
- keep safe from/prevent injury or harm
protective factors examples
bio: adequate sleep and diet
psych: high self-esteem
social: support from family, friends and community
what is a biological risk factor? what are the 4 biological risk factors?
originate within the body and impact physiological functioning that can lead to the development or progression of a mental health disorder
- genetic vulnerability
- poor response to medication due to genetic factors
- poor sleep
- substance use
What is genetic vulnerability?
- having a risk for developing a specific mental disorder due to one or more factors associated with genetic inheritance
why is genetic vulnerability considered a risk?
predisposing risk:
- increases susceptibility, but not definite development of a disorder
- number of genes are likely to contribute to onset and expression of disorder
what are some examples of genetic vulnerability?
greater genetic similarity of relatives with schizophrenia= more likely schizophrenia diagnosed in offspring
what is poor response to medication due to genetic factors?
having little to no reduction in the number or severity of symptoms despite taking medication as prescribed
why is poor response to medication due to genetic factors is considered a risk?
perpetuating risk factor: limits a person’s ability to recover from a mental health disorder with the aid of medication
- variations in genes responsible for how our body processes medications= people do not respond in the same way
- may affect absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination of medication
what are some examples of poor response to medication due to genetic factors?
- person may metabolise psychotropic medication too slowly= builds up causing side effects
- person may metabolise psychotropic medication too quickly= not allowing it time to work effectively
what is poor sleep?
not getting adequate sleep quality or quantity
why is poor sleep considered a risk? explain the bi-directional relationship
precipitating and perpetuating risk factor: increases a person’s susceptibility to developing a mental health disorder as they are more vulnerable to being unable to function in society
- may disrupt restorative functions during NREM states that may influence mental health
what are some examples of poor sleep?
biological consequences of poor sleep:
- poor sleep may contribute to/cause a mental disorder OR mental disorder may cause poor sleep
- An inability to restore adequate neurotransmitter levels
• An inability to maintain neural pathways through lack of stimulation
• Greater difficulty with learning
• Inadequate memory consolidation
• An inability to recover from general fatigue
what is substance use?
the use or consumption of legal or illegal drugs or other products
why is substance use considered a risk?
precipitating & perpetuating risk factors:
- active ingredients of substance may directly contribute to development/progression of disorder
- people become biologically dependent on a particular substance➝ compromises their ability to function in everyday life without using that drug= cannot consume drug= often cannot deal with the demands of everyday life
what is an example of substance use?
- addiction and dependency
- mental disorder can be triggered from using certain drugs
- symptoms may prompt substance abuse OR substance use is due to mental disorder
what is a psychological risk factor? what are the 4 psychological risk factors?
originate internally and impact cognitive and affective functioning
- rumination
- impaired reasoning and memory
- stress
- poor self-efficacy
what is rumination?
- repeatedly thinking about or dwelling on undesirable thoughts and feelings without acting to change
how does rumination increase the risk of developing a mental disorder?
mostly perpetuating (all 3):
- not acting on negative thoughts
➝ analysing the problem for so long
= obstructs problem solving➝ person cannot see a way of overcoming or minimising the problem
- ruminating while in low moods= recall more negative memories and develop pessimistic views about their situations and future
- prolong and enhance negative thinking
what is impaired reasoning and memory?
cognitive biases that limit a person’s ability to think about an event in a rational, constructive way and to remember it accurately
why can impaired reasoning and memory considered a risk?
- perpetuating risk factor: limiting an individual’s ability to think rationally, which is required to overcome the symptoms of a mental illness
- predisposing: increase a person’s susceptibility to developing a mental health disorder if the frustrations of memory impairments significantly impact lifestyle
- precipitating: consistent and systematic errors of judgement
examples of impaired reasoning and memory
perpetuating: may instead believe that seeing a psychologist will help them recover from a mental illness
precipitating: a person who believes that everyone around them has a problem with them may experience constant worry= more likely to develop a mental health disorder like anxiety.
why is stress a risk for developing a mental disorder?
stress vulnerability model: stress leads to increased vulnerability to mental disorders
- all 3: anxious thought patterns= impair ability to operate at a high level of functioning= increasing susceptibility to, contributing to or maintaining mental health disorders.
- could accumulate to an extent that it is no longer manageable= leads to symptoms/direct mental health disorder
- a stressor can act as cause to no longer be able to cope with everyday life pressures and function effectively= occurrence of a mental health disorder
examples of stress (4P factor model)
- precipitating: individual regularly experiences stress and uses poor coping strategies
what is poor self-efficacy?
does not believe in their capacity to execute behaviours necessary to succeed in a specific situation or task
how does poor self-efficacy increase the risk of developing a mental disorder?
all 3:
predisposing: negative thought patterns that discourage them from completing tasks= limits an individual’s ability to cope with the demands of everyday life
precipitating: view potential stressors as unmanageable
examples of poor self-efficacy
precipitating: someone was given demanding deadlines for a work project➝ may not feel confident in their ability to complete the task➝ fail to make the deadline= get fired and feel distressed
perpetuating: exercise regularly to overcome disorder➝ not believing they can do it= inhibit recovery
what is a social factor?
what are the 3 social factors?
factors that originate in the external environment and interact with other factors in influencing our mental health state
- disorganised attachment
- loss of a significant relationship
- stigma as a barrier to access treatment
what is disorganised attachment?
An infant displays inconsistent or contradictory behaviour patterns in the presence of a primary caregiver when they are not provided with consistent and adequate support.
how does having disorganised attachment result in risk of mental disorders?
predisposing:
- infant has difficulty forming close relationships and trusting others➝ can have poor social and emotional regulation skills later in life
= increases susceptibility but not necessarily directly contribute to onset of mental disorder as an adult
- unable to experience the support from meaningful relationships that could protect them from mental health disorder
what is a loss of a significant relationship?
losing a relationship that is perceived as being of considerable importance
how does loss of significant relationship increase the risk of mental disorders?
could be all 3:
- compromises functioning
= specific stressful event that may cause the onset of a mental illness
- may experience reduced resilience= more vulnerable in their state of emotional distress to developing a mental illness
examples of loss of significant relationship
- individual separates with their partner after living with them for a long time, they would have to find a new place to live and adapt to living alone, in addition to coping with the loss of this emotional connection
what is stigma as a barrier to access treatment?
mark or sign of shame/disapproval due to negative societal views they perceive others to have concerning a particular characteristic that sets them apart
what are the two types of stigma?
social stigma: the negative attitudes, beliefs and behaviours in the community
self-stigma: negative view that a person hold about themselves
how does stigma as a barrier to access treatment increase the risk of a mental disorder
perpetuating:
- people avoid getting help due to the fear of being stigmatised/feels shame= prolongs problem
- embarrassment and shame increases distress= may reduce treatment adherence
examples of stigma as a barrier to access treatment
- unemployed/homeless
- expensive
- thought they could manage on their own
- don’t know where to get help
- men
- ethnic/cultural minorities
- military/health professionals
- belief they will be excluded ie. certain jobs, sports
what is cumulative risk?
aggregate risk to mental health from the combined effects of exposure to multiple bio, psych and social factors
- more risk factors= greater vulnerability to mental health problem/disorder
what is the concept of cumulative risk?
- bio, psych and social risk factors rarely operate on their own
➝ often co-exist and interact with one another to influence thoughts, feelings and behaviour - risk factor of it sown may not be particularly influential
➝ has significant effect in the context of other factors
what is a good predictor of mental health outcome?
number of risk factors is a better predictor for mental health outcomes than nay single risk factor
