Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

big brain > mental disorder > Flashcards

mental disorder Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
The Brain flashcards
1
Q

what is the 4P model

A
  • types of influences that contribute to the development and progression of mental health disorder
  • predisposing risk factors
  • precipitating risk factors
  • perpetuating risk factors
  • protective factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are risk factors?

A

any characteristic or event that increases the likelihood of the development or progression of a mental disorder
- number of risk factors increase
= likelihood of developing mental disorder increases
= likelihood of recovery is inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how are risk factors reduced?

A

protective factors: any characteristic of event that reduces the likelihood of the occurrence or reoccurrence of a mental disorder, either on its own or when risk factors are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a predisposing risk factor?

A

increases susceptibility to a mental disorder
- not ‘casual’ factors
- make it likely you will suffer from a particular illness➝ make more vulnerable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are precipitating risk factors?

A

increases susceptibility to and contributes to the occurrence of a mental disorder
- immediate factors that tigger the symptoms

  • to make something, especially something bad, happen suddenly or sooner➝ trigger, provoke, induce
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are perpetuating risk factors?

A

maintains the occurrence of a mental disorder and inhibits recovery
- cause symptoms to continue or worsen

  • to make something continue for a long time➝ prolong, continue, maintain, extend
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are protective factors?

A

reduces or prevents the occurrence or reoccurrence of a mental disorder
- keep safe from/prevent injury or harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

protective factors examples

A

bio: adequate sleep and diet
psych: high self-esteem
social: support from family, friends and community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a biological risk factor? what are the 4 biological risk factors?

A

originate within the body and impact physiological functioning that can lead to the development or progression of a mental health disorder
- genetic vulnerability
- poor response to medication due to genetic factors
- poor sleep
- substance use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is genetic vulnerability?

A
  • having a risk for developing a specific mental disorder due to one or more factors associated with genetic inheritance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why is genetic vulnerability considered a risk?

A

predisposing risk:
- increases susceptibility, but not definite development of a disorder
- number of genes are likely to contribute to onset and expression of disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are some examples of genetic vulnerability?

A

greater genetic similarity of relatives with schizophrenia= more likely schizophrenia diagnosed in offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is poor response to medication due to genetic factors?

A

having little to no reduction in the number or severity of symptoms despite taking medication as prescribed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why is poor response to medication due to genetic factors is considered a risk?

A

perpetuating risk factor: limits a person’s ability to recover from a mental health disorder with the aid of medication
- variations in genes responsible for how our body processes medications= people do not respond in the same way
- may affect absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination of medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some examples of poor response to medication due to genetic factors?

A
  • person may metabolise psychotropic medication too slowly= builds up causing side effects
  • person may metabolise psychotropic medication too quickly= not allowing it time to work effectively
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is poor sleep?

A

not getting adequate sleep quality or quantity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why is poor sleep considered a risk? explain the bi-directional relationship

A

precipitating and perpetuating risk factor: increases a person’s susceptibility to developing a mental health disorder as they are more vulnerable to being unable to function in society
- may disrupt restorative functions during NREM states that may influence mental health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are some examples of poor sleep?

A

biological consequences of poor sleep:
- poor sleep may contribute to/cause a mental disorder OR mental disorder may cause poor sleep
- An inability to restore adequate neurotransmitter levels
• An inability to maintain neural pathways through lack of stimulation
• Greater difficulty with learning
• Inadequate memory consolidation
• An inability to recover from general fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is substance use?

A

the use or consumption of legal or illegal drugs or other products

20
Q

why is substance use considered a risk?

A

precipitating & perpetuating risk factors:
- active ingredients of substance may directly contribute to development/progression of disorder
- people become biologically dependent on a particular substance➝ compromises their ability to function in everyday life without using that drug= cannot consume drug= often cannot deal with the demands of everyday life

21
Q

what is an example of substance use?

A
  • addiction and dependency
  • mental disorder can be triggered from using certain drugs
  • symptoms may prompt substance abuse OR substance use is due to mental disorder
22
Q

what is a psychological risk factor? what are the 4 psychological risk factors?

A

originate internally and impact cognitive and affective functioning
- rumination
- impaired reasoning and memory
- stress
- poor self-efficacy

23
Q

what is rumination?

A
  • repeatedly thinking about or dwelling on undesirable thoughts and feelings without acting to change
24
Q

how does rumination increase the risk of developing a mental disorder?

A

mostly perpetuating (all 3):
- not acting on negative thoughts
➝ analysing the problem for so long
= obstructs problem solving➝ person cannot see a way of overcoming or minimising the problem
- ruminating while in low moods= recall more negative memories and develop pessimistic views about their situations and future
- prolong and enhance negative thinking

25
Q

what is impaired reasoning and memory?

A

cognitive biases that limit a person’s ability to think about an event in a rational, constructive way and to remember it accurately

26
Q

why can impaired reasoning and memory considered a risk?

A
  • perpetuating risk factor: limiting an individual’s ability to think rationally, which is required to overcome the symptoms of a mental illness
  • predisposing: increase a person’s susceptibility to developing a mental health disorder if the frustrations of memory impairments significantly impact lifestyle
  • precipitating: consistent and systematic errors of judgement
27
Q

examples of impaired reasoning and memory

A

perpetuating: may instead believe that seeing a psychologist will help them recover from a mental illness
precipitating: a person who believes that everyone around them has a problem with them may experience constant worry= more likely to develop a mental health disorder like anxiety.

28
Q

why is stress a risk for developing a mental disorder?

A

stress vulnerability model: stress leads to increased vulnerability to mental disorders
- all 3: anxious thought patterns= impair ability to operate at a high level of functioning= increasing susceptibility to, contributing to or maintaining mental health disorders.
- could accumulate to an extent that it is no longer manageable= leads to symptoms/direct mental health disorder
- a stressor can act as cause to no longer be able to cope with everyday life pressures and function effectively= occurrence of a mental health disorder

29
Q

examples of stress (4P factor model)

A
  • precipitating: individual regularly experiences stress and uses poor coping strategies
30
Q

what is poor self-efficacy?

A

does not believe in their capacity to execute behaviours necessary to succeed in a specific situation or task

31
Q

how does poor self-efficacy increase the risk of developing a mental disorder?

A

all 3:
predisposing: negative thought patterns that discourage them from completing tasks= limits an individual’s ability to cope with the demands of everyday life
precipitating: view potential stressors as unmanageable

32
Q

examples of poor self-efficacy

A

precipitating: someone was given demanding deadlines for a work project➝ may not feel confident in their ability to complete the task➝ fail to make the deadline= get fired and feel distressed
perpetuating: exercise regularly to overcome disorder➝ not believing they can do it= inhibit recovery

33
Q

what is a social factor?
what are the 3 social factors?

A

factors that originate in the external environment and interact with other factors in influencing our mental health state
- disorganised attachment
- loss of a significant relationship
- stigma as a barrier to access treatment

34
Q

what is disorganised attachment?

A

An infant displays inconsistent or contradictory behaviour patterns in the presence of a primary caregiver when they are not provided with consistent and adequate support.

35
Q

how does having disorganised attachment result in risk of mental disorders?

A

predisposing:
- infant has difficulty forming close relationships and trusting others➝ can have poor social and emotional regulation skills later in life
= increases susceptibility but not necessarily directly contribute to onset of mental disorder as an adult
- unable to experience the support from meaningful relationships that could protect them from mental health disorder

36
Q

what is a loss of a significant relationship?

A

losing a relationship that is perceived as being of considerable importance

37
Q

how does loss of significant relationship increase the risk of mental disorders?

A

could be all 3:
- compromises functioning
= specific stressful event that may cause the onset of a mental illness
- may experience reduced resilience= more vulnerable in their state of emotional distress to developing a mental illness

38
Q

examples of loss of significant relationship

A
  • individual separates with their partner after living with them for a long time, they would have to find a new place to live and adapt to living alone, in addition to coping with the loss of this emotional connection
39
Q

what is stigma as a barrier to access treatment?

A

mark or sign of shame/disapproval due to negative societal views they perceive others to have concerning a particular characteristic that sets them apart

40
Q

what are the two types of stigma?

A

social stigma: the negative attitudes, beliefs and behaviours in the community
self-stigma: negative view that a person hold about themselves

41
Q

how does stigma as a barrier to access treatment increase the risk of a mental disorder

A

perpetuating:
- people avoid getting help due to the fear of being stigmatised/feels shame= prolongs problem
- embarrassment and shame increases distress= may reduce treatment adherence

42
Q

examples of stigma as a barrier to access treatment

A
  • unemployed/homeless
  • expensive
  • thought they could manage on their own
  • don’t know where to get help
  • men
  • ethnic/cultural minorities
  • military/health professionals
  • belief they will be excluded ie. certain jobs, sports
43
Q

what is cumulative risk?

A

aggregate risk to mental health from the combined effects of exposure to multiple bio, psych and social factors
- more risk factors= greater vulnerability to mental health problem/disorder

44
Q

what is the concept of cumulative risk?

A
  • bio, psych and social risk factors rarely operate on their own
    ➝ often co-exist and interact with one another to influence thoughts, feelings and behaviour
  • risk factor of it sown may not be particularly influential
    ➝ has significant effect in the context of other factors
45
Q

what is a good predictor of mental health outcome?

A

number of risk factors is a better predictor for mental health outcomes than nay single risk factor

big brain (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions