models to explain learning Flashcards
What is a conditioned emotional response?
- emotional reaction in response to specific stimulus learned through CC
-ANS produces response to stimulus that it didn’t previously
What is the Little Albert experiment?
- John Watson & Rayner testing if fears can be acquired through CC
what are the ethical implications of the little albert experiment?
- debriefing: denied the opportunity to extinguish conditioned fear response
- withdrawal rights: was not able to leave when showing signs of distress
- do no harm: suffered lasting psych harm, emotionally traumatised, forced under anxiety inducing situations which experimenters made no attempt to end
- beneficence: harm no justified by results, did not respect albert
using the language of operant conditioning
- identify ABC
- consequence acts as [type of consequence]
- which increases/decreases likelihood of behaviour occurring in the future
- [now person does this
what are the factors for consequences in OC to work properly
- order of presentation
- appropriateness
- timing
how to distinguish between CC and OC
- CC: use three-phase process to explain
- OC: use three-phase model and identify type of consequence and effect on future
how is the role of the learner different in CC and OC
CC: learner is passive
- learner does not have to do anything for NS or UCS to be presented
- response occurs automatically/reflexively
OC: learner is active
- learner chooses to respond in particular way leading to a consequence
- learner must ‘operate’ on its environment before consequence is received
how is timing of stimulus and response different in CC and OC
CC: response depends on presentation of NS occurring first
- NS+UCS needs to be very close
OC: behaviour occurs in the presence of the stimulus/antecedent
- learning generally faster when consequence is given soon after behaviour
how is the nature of the responses of CC and OC different
CC: involuntary and reflexive
OC: can be both voluntary & involuntary
- usually conscious, intentional, goal-directed
what is social learning
process by which social influences alter people’s thoughts, feelings, behaviour
- more efficient to learn complex things
what models are we more likely to pay attention to
- perceived to be positively liked/high status
- perceived similarities b/w learner & model
- model is familiar
- model demonstrates behaviour that observer believes they are able to imitate
what is the role of the learner in observational learning
Active: learner is aware and chooses to focus on and recall a model’s behaviour
what is the nature of the response in observational learning
voluntary: chooses to perform model’s demonstrated behaviour
what is vicarious conditioning?
- person watching model display behaviour that is either reinforced or punished
- more or less likely to behave in the same/modified way or refrain from behaviour as a result of what they observed
what does latent mean in observational learning
- learning that can occur without there being an immediate change in behaviour
- it can remain hidden
how do you know learning has occurred in observational learning?
- cognitive form: mental representation of a response
eg. listening to music and learning the lyrics - performance: demonstration of behaviour
eg. singing lyrics out loud
why is observational learning so influential in children?
- models are a powerful source of influence on behaviour
- children are impressionable
what is needed for observational learning to be successful?
- behaviour more likely reproduce if observed behaviour is reinforced
- model is appropriate for learner
What is CC? How does it cause learning?
Simple type of learning that occurs through the repeated association of 2 different stimuli
- repetition causes an association to occur b/w the 2 stimuli
Why do the two stimuli need to be closely presented in CC?
Long period between two stimuli= association wouldn’t be immediate/strong
-less likely conditioning will occur
Using the language of CC
-before conditioning
-during conditioning, NS followed by UCS repeatedly paired together
-after conditioning NS becomes CS
Why is the order of presentation of stimuli important
- might not pay attention to NS= won’t make association between 2 stimuli
What is stimulus generalisation in CC and OC
-tendency for another stimulus similar to og CS may also trigger CR
- correct response is made to another stimulus similar to the stimulus that was present when response was reinforced
What is stimulus discrimination in CC and OC
- organism responds only to CS and not to any other stimulus similar to CS
- organism makes correct response from other one stimulus but not to any other stimulus
What is extinction in CC and OC
-gradual decrease in strength of CR when UCS no longer presented= CS no longer produces CR
- gradual decrease in strength of response after not consistently reinforcing it until response to eventually stops
What is spontaneous recovery in CC and OC
-reappearance of a CR when the CS is presented
-occurs after extinction and rest period
-response reappears after extinction and rest period occurs
- response occurs without reinforcement given and is weak and short lived
What is observational learning
- learning by watching a model’s actions and consequences to guide their future actions
What is operant conditioning?
-learning formed by 3-way association b/w specific stimulus, response and consequence
How does OC cause learning?
Type of consequence affects likelihood of response occurring in future
What is the 3-phase model in OC?
- antecedent l: environmental stimulus that comes before a behaviour
-behaviour: voluntary action performed which has an effect on environment
-consequence: result that determines likelihood of behaviour being repeated or not in future
What is positive reinforcement?
-addition of pleasant stimulus
- strengthens/increases likelihood of desired response occurring in the future
- leads to a desirable outcome
What is negative reinforcement?
-removal of unpleasant stimulus
- strengthens/increases likelihood of desired response occurring in the future
- leads to a desirable outcome
What is punishment
-addition of unpleasant stimulus
- weakens/decreases likelihood of desired response occurring in future
- leads to an undesirable outcome
What is response cost
-removal of pleasant stimulus
- weakens/decreases likelihood of desired response occurring in future
- leads to an undesirable outcome
What are the steps in observational learning?
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Reinforcement
What is attention in observational learning
- actively watching model’s behaviour to recognise features of observed behaviour and consequences
What influences whether a person pays attention to a model?
- interest levels
- situation (any distractions?)
- characteristics (likeable?)
- importance of behaviour (necessary?)
What is retention?
-storing a mental representation of observed behaviour and consequences of model
What is reproduction?
-having the physical and psych ability to perform observed behaviour
- potential to be competent enough to develop skills to imitate behaviour
What is reinforcement?
- believing that performing model’s behaviour will produce positive consequences
= more likely to carry out behaviour in future
What is motivation?
- learner must want to reproduce observed behaviour
