models to explain learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a conditioned emotional response?

A
  • emotional reaction in response to specific stimulus learned through CC
    -ANS produces response to stimulus that it didn’t previously
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2
Q

What is the Little Albert experiment?

A
  • John Watson & Rayner testing if fears can be acquired through CC
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3
Q

what are the ethical implications of the little albert experiment?

A
  • debriefing: denied the opportunity to extinguish conditioned fear response
  • withdrawal rights: was not able to leave when showing signs of distress
  • do no harm: suffered lasting psych harm, emotionally traumatised, forced under anxiety inducing situations which experimenters made no attempt to end
  • beneficence: harm no justified by results, did not respect albert
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4
Q

using the language of operant conditioning

A
  • identify ABC
  • consequence acts as [type of consequence]
  • which increases/decreases likelihood of behaviour occurring in the future
  • [now person does this
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5
Q

what are the factors for consequences in OC to work properly

A
  • order of presentation
  • appropriateness
  • timing
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6
Q

how to distinguish between CC and OC

A
  • CC: use three-phase process to explain
  • OC: use three-phase model and identify type of consequence and effect on future
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7
Q

how is the role of the learner different in CC and OC

A

CC: learner is passive
- learner does not have to do anything for NS or UCS to be presented
- response occurs automatically/reflexively

OC: learner is active
- learner chooses to respond in particular way leading to a consequence
- learner must ‘operate’ on its environment before consequence is received

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8
Q

how is timing of stimulus and response different in CC and OC

A

CC: response depends on presentation of NS occurring first
- NS+UCS needs to be very close

OC: behaviour occurs in the presence of the stimulus/antecedent
- learning generally faster when consequence is given soon after behaviour

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9
Q

how is the nature of the responses of CC and OC different

A

CC: involuntary and reflexive

OC: can be both voluntary & involuntary
- usually conscious, intentional, goal-directed

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10
Q

what is social learning

A

process by which social influences alter people’s thoughts, feelings, behaviour
- more efficient to learn complex things

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11
Q

what models are we more likely to pay attention to

A
  • perceived to be positively liked/high status
  • perceived similarities b/w learner & model
  • model is familiar
  • model demonstrates behaviour that observer believes they are able to imitate
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12
Q

what is the role of the learner in observational learning

A

Active: learner is aware and chooses to focus on and recall a model’s behaviour

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13
Q

what is the nature of the response in observational learning

A

voluntary: chooses to perform model’s demonstrated behaviour

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14
Q

what is vicarious conditioning?

A
  • person watching model display behaviour that is either reinforced or punished
  • more or less likely to behave in the same/modified way or refrain from behaviour as a result of what they observed
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15
Q

what does latent mean in observational learning

A
  • learning that can occur without there being an immediate change in behaviour
  • it can remain hidden
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16
Q

how do you know learning has occurred in observational learning?

A
  • cognitive form: mental representation of a response
    eg. listening to music and learning the lyrics
  • performance: demonstration of behaviour
    eg. singing lyrics out loud
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17
Q

why is observational learning so influential in children?

A
  • models are a powerful source of influence on behaviour
  • children are impressionable
18
Q

what is needed for observational learning to be successful?

A
  • behaviour more likely reproduce if observed behaviour is reinforced
  • model is appropriate for learner
19
Q

What is CC? How does it cause learning?

A

Simple type of learning that occurs through the repeated association of 2 different stimuli
- repetition causes an association to occur b/w the 2 stimuli

20
Q

Why do the two stimuli need to be closely presented in CC?

A

Long period between two stimuli= association wouldn’t be immediate/strong
-less likely conditioning will occur

21
Q

Using the language of CC

A

-before conditioning
-during conditioning, NS followed by UCS repeatedly paired together
-after conditioning NS becomes CS

22
Q

Why is the order of presentation of stimuli important

A
  • might not pay attention to NS= won’t make association between 2 stimuli
23
Q

What is stimulus generalisation in CC and OC

A

-tendency for another stimulus similar to og CS may also trigger CR

  • correct response is made to another stimulus similar to the stimulus that was present when response was reinforced
24
Q

What is stimulus discrimination in CC and OC

A
  • organism responds only to CS and not to any other stimulus similar to CS
  • organism makes correct response from other one stimulus but not to any other stimulus
25
Q

What is extinction in CC and OC

A

-gradual decrease in strength of CR when UCS no longer presented= CS no longer produces CR

  • gradual decrease in strength of response after not consistently reinforcing it until response to eventually stops
26
Q

What is spontaneous recovery in CC and OC

A

-reappearance of a CR when the CS is presented
-occurs after extinction and rest period

-response reappears after extinction and rest period occurs
- response occurs without reinforcement given and is weak and short lived

27
Q

What is observational learning

A
  • learning by watching a model’s actions and consequences to guide their future actions
28
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

-learning formed by 3-way association b/w specific stimulus, response and consequence

29
Q

How does OC cause learning?

A

Type of consequence affects likelihood of response occurring in future

30
Q

What is the 3-phase model in OC?

A
  • antecedent l: environmental stimulus that comes before a behaviour
    -behaviour: voluntary action performed which has an effect on environment
    -consequence: result that determines likelihood of behaviour being repeated or not in future
31
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

-addition of pleasant stimulus
- strengthens/increases likelihood of desired response occurring in the future
- leads to a desirable outcome

32
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

-removal of unpleasant stimulus
- strengthens/increases likelihood of desired response occurring in the future
- leads to a desirable outcome

33
Q

What is punishment

A

-addition of unpleasant stimulus
- weakens/decreases likelihood of desired response occurring in future
- leads to an undesirable outcome

34
Q

What is response cost

A

-removal of pleasant stimulus
- weakens/decreases likelihood of desired response occurring in future
- leads to an undesirable outcome

35
Q

What are the steps in observational learning?

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Reinforcement

36
Q

What is attention in observational learning

A
  • actively watching model’s behaviour to recognise features of observed behaviour and consequences
37
Q

What influences whether a person pays attention to a model?

A
  • interest levels
  • situation (any distractions?)
  • characteristics (likeable?)
  • importance of behaviour (necessary?)
38
Q

What is retention?

A

-storing a mental representation of observed behaviour and consequences of model

39
Q

What is reproduction?

A

-having the physical and psych ability to perform observed behaviour
- potential to be competent enough to develop skills to imitate behaviour

40
Q

What is reinforcement?

A
  • believing that performing model’s behaviour will produce positive consequences
    = more likely to carry out behaviour in future
41
Q

What is motivation?

A
  • learner must want to reproduce observed behaviour