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PSYC 300A > Stress & Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Stress & Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

HPA axis

A

one of the primary systems involved in the fight or flight system comprising the hypothalamus, pituitary gland which secretes ACTH, and adrenal glands which secrete cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

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2
Q

What are the effects of extreme or prolonged stress?

A

extensive physical and psychological problems like increased reactivity in sympathetic nervous system, decreased efficacy of immune system and psychological self-efficacy, personality deterioration, and death

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3
Q

2 types of psychosocial contributing factors

A

external and internal (in terms of the stressor, crisis, and resources available)

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4
Q

External vs Internal stressor

A

the nature of the stressor (e.g. accidental or intentional) vs the perception of the stressor (e.g. having a sense of control) affects how we process it and cope with it

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5
Q

External vs Internal crisis

A

life changes that occur due to crisis (the aftermath) vs the experience of the crisis (the meaning or what you make of it; may lead to posttraumatic growth)

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6
Q

External vs Internal resources

A

social and financial support vs stress tolerance (biological and psychological resources)

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7
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

exposure to an event that threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence through direct experience, witnessing others’ experience, learning about it happen to close friends/family, or repeated/extreme exposure to aversive details of the event (e.g. in the news)

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8
Q

4 basic categories of PTSD symptoms

A

intrusion (nightmares and flashbacks), avoidance of things associated with trauma, negative cognitions and mood, arousal and reactivity

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9
Q

Negative cognitions and mood that occur with PTSD

A

detachment, anger, shame, distorted blame with self/others

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10
Q

How does heightened arousal and reactivity occur in PTSD?

A

insomnia, difficulty concentrating, hypervigilance, heightened startle response

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11
Q

4 most common triggering events of PTSD

A

combat, physical or sexual assault, natural disaster, and torture

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12
Q

What are the binary gender differences in rates of PTSD?

A

men are more exposed to traumatic events but women are 2x more likely to experience to PTSD and have more severe symptoms (typically due to sexual assault)

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13
Q

3 factors that affect the gravity of psychological problems caused by sexual assault

A

past coping skills, current psychological functioning, ability to disclose experience of assault to others

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14
Q

What biological mechanism causes transgenerational trauma?

A

epigenetics

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15
Q

How do genes affect the occurence of PTSD?

A

genes account for 33% of the variance in symptom severity

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16
Q

Neurobiological factors of PTSD

A

a hyperactive limbic system with increased norepinephrine, decreased serotonin and endogenous opioids (decreased ability to tolerate pain), higher cortisol levels (for women)

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17
Q

Psychological factors of PTSD

A

threat-related psychological processes (e.g. hypervigilance and increased vulnerability), high neuroticism, negative attributions or maladaptive appraisal, low cognitive ability

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18
Q

Social factors of PTSD

A

previous experience of trauma and severity of current trauma, early experience of uncontrollable/unpredictable events, membership in a minoritized group, low social support, lack of education, engaging in combat or war

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19
Q

How does being involved in combat influence the experience of PTSD?

A

acceptability of war goals and one’s identification with their unit lessens likelihood while returning to an unaccepting social environment after war increases likelihood

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20
Q

Neurobiological symptoms of PTSD

A

fear learning in the amygdala (i.e. perceiving threats and responding physiologically), cell death in and reduced size of hippocampus due to cortisol, hyperactive limbic system and sustained release of cortisol

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21
Q

Psychological symptoms of PTSD from diagnosis

A

persistent re-experience (nightmares and flashbacks), avoidance of things associated with trauma and emotional numbing, increased arousal (insomnia and difficulty concentrating)

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22
Q

Social symptoms of PTSD from diagnosis

A

avoidance of things associated to trauma and emotional numbing (e.g. detachment from others and restricted range of affect)

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23
Q

Biological treatment of PTSD

A

beta-blockers (e.g. propranolol) and SSRIs

24
Q

When are beta-blockers taken for PTSD?

A

taken when knowingly going into a traumatic situation (e.g. combat) to decrease the likelihood of developing PTSD because it calms the limbic system

25
Q

Effects of taking SSRIs

A

decreases depression, intrusive thoughts and avoidance

26
Q

Cons of taking beta-blockers

A

suppression of natural warning signs and future reliance on medication

27
Q

5 psychological treatments for PTSD

A

cognitive-behavioral therapy (53% effective), prolonged exposure, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), cognitive processing therapy (CPT), building positive coping skills

28
Q

Prolonged exposure therapy

A

repeatedly processing a traumatic experience that increases anger (due to blame) and decreases shame

29
Q

Cognitive processing therapy

A

processing the consequences and beliefs attached to the traumatic experience to help see it in a new light

30
Q

How can you prevent PTSD?

A

stress-inoculation training

31
Q

Stress-inoculation training

A

advanced preparation to increase resistance to the effects of stressors (e.g. combat)

32
Q

Social treatment of PTSD

A

having social support and being able to disclose trauma

33
Q

5 main anxiety disorders

A

specific phobias, social anxiety disorder or social phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, general anxiety disorder (GAD)

34
Q

Etiology of anxiety disorders

A

biological and psychological causes include genes, neuroticism, classical conditioning, lack of perceived control; social factors depend on culture

35
Q

Presentation of anxiety disorders

A

unrealistic, irrational fears or anxieties at a disabling intensity

36
Q

What is the most effective treatment for anxiety disorders?

A

exposure

37
Q

2 factors that decrease anxiety

A

perceived controllability and predictability

38
Q

How does perceived threat influence anxiety?

A

a perceived threat leads to fear and anxiety, which then leads to an interpretive bias toward threat and an increase in perception of threat

39
Q

Specific phobia

A

strong fears of specific kind of situation or object that are unreasonable or out of proportion to the actual danger and and avoidance of that situation/object that becomes disruptive to daily life

40
Q

Examples of specific phobias

A

animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury (3-4% of population, usually genetic), situational, choking, vomiting, etc.

41
Q

Rate of concurrence of specific phobias

A

75% of people with a specific phobia have at least one other specific fear

42
Q

Biological factors of specific phobias

A

increase likelihood with increased speed and strength of fear conditioning, having a first degree relative (particularly BII phobia), being behaviorally inhibited

43
Q

Psychological factors of specific phobias

A

prepared learning, traumatic conditioning of fear, high neuroticism (e.g. worrying a lot and poor handling of stress)

44
Q

Prepared learning

A

objects or situations that have an evolutionary reason to be feared (e.g. spiders) are more likely to be conditioned as things to be feared

45
Q

Social factors of specific phobias

A

modeling, vicarious learning, fear immunization, environment, parenting (inadvertent reinforcement increases fear)

46
Q

Fear immunization

A

gradually exposing a person to what they fear to immunize them against later fear development

47
Q

Biological symptoms of specific phobias

A

autonomic arousal pre-fight/flight in response to the presence or thought of the feared object/situation; decreased GABA and serotonin; higher norepinephrine

48
Q

Psychological symptoms of specific phobias

A

heightened vigilance to the feared object/situation, negative mood, worry about potential danger, self-preoccupation, have a lower sense of efficacy, diminished internal locus of control

49
Q

Social symptoms of specific phobias

A

avoidance of situations eliciting anxiety

50
Q

Biological treatments for specific phobias

A

though not often treated biologically: SSRIs and benzodiazepines (cause a short-term decrease in anxiety and increases avoidance instead of habituating or building tolerance)

51
Q

Psychological treatment of specific phobias

A

behavior therapy or exposure (most effective), modified exposure (e.g. virtual reality, combining cognitive techniques)

52
Q

Extinction

A

no longer feeling afraid of the object/situation

53
Q

Habituation

A

getting more used to the feared object/situation over time

54
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

technique used for habituation (gradual exposure)

55
Q

Flooding

A

sudden exposure to feared object/situation (but most people leave before habituation occurs)

56
Q

Social treatment of specific phobias

A

modeling (learning by imitating others’ behavior)

PSYC 300A (11 decks)

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