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PSYC 300A > Causes & Treatment of Mental Illness > Flashcards

Causes & Treatment of Mental Illness Flashcards

1
Q

5 circles in first nations mental wellness (inward to outward)

A

(1) self responsibility; (2) balance; (3) respect, wisdom, responsibility, relationships; (4) land, community, family, nations; (5) social, environmental, cultural, economic

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2
Q

Balance circle in first nations mental wellness

A

pertains to the balance of mental, spiritual, physical, and emotional well-being; differs from western approaches that tend to be secular (disregards spirituality)

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3
Q

How do first nations approach their mental wellness circles?

A

(1) looking at wellness across the continuum; (2) cultural and traditional healing; (3) services must be appropriate to one’s needs e.g. family-centered, trauma-informed; (4) integrated services for a person’s whole needs; (5) local nation-based approaches

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4
Q

5 major western paradigms

A

biological, psychoanalytic, humanistic/existential, cognitive, learning/behavior

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5
Q

Biological paradigm

A

mental illnesses result from dysfunctional biological processes e.g. one’s biochemistry, behavioral genetics, or specific biological insults like concussions

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6
Q

Temperament

A

a genetically encoded characteristic that is expressed through personality and shapes how we interact with the world

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7
Q

Big 5 dimensions of temperament

A

OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)

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8
Q

5 important neurotransmitters

A

norepinephrine (excitatory), gamma aminobutyric acid or GABA (inhibitory), dopamine (motivation and reward), serotonin or 5-HT, glutamate (learning and memory)

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9
Q

Serotonin

A

regulates basic functions like mood, appetite, sleep, and impulse control

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10
Q

Classical freudian theory (psychoanalytic paradigm)

A

the structure of the mind comprises the id, ego, and superego

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11
Q

ID

A

unconscious and most primitive part of personality that satisfies basic urges for pleasure (e.g. food, warmth, sex)

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12
Q

Ego

A

the part of personality that deals with reality, helps satisfy the demands of the ID, and recognizes what’s needed in the world

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13
Q

Superego

A

the part of personality that acts as a conscience and guides the ego to discern between what’s right and wrong

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14
Q

8 defense mechanisms (Freud)

A

repression, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, sublimation, projection, denial, displacement

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15
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies to protect the ego from distress

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16
Q

Repression

A

having an impulse to do something and not giving into it or burying the urge

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17
Q

Denial

A

experiencing a traumatic event and saying that it never happened

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18
Q

Projection

A

accusing another person feeling what you are feeling (e.g. I’m not mad, you’re mad!)

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19
Q

Displacement

A

transferring negative feelings from one person or thing to another

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20
Q

Rationalization

A

justifying or making excuses for one’s own bad behavior or feelings

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21
Q

Reaction formation

A

having a negative reaction to someone then unconsciously acting the opposite

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22
Q

Regression

A

going back to an earlier developmental state than your current state due to an unmanageable stressor (e.g. an 18 year old sucking their thumb)

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23
Q

Sublimation

A

finding a creative and harmless way of acting on a negative impulse

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24
Q

2 primary learning/conditioning processes

A

classical and operant conditioning

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25
Positive reinforcement
strengthens a response or behavior by introducing a pleasant stimulus afterwards
26
Negative reinforcement
strengthening a response or behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus (e.g. stopping an alarm clock, procrastinating)
27
Positive punishment
weakening a response or behavior by introducing an unpleasant stimulus
28
Negative punishment
weakening a response or behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus
29
Classical conditioning
forming an association between unrelated elements due to repeated pairing of stimuli; based on the "law of effect"
30
Law of Effect
behavior that has pleasant consequences increases that behavior while unpleasant consequences decreases that behavior
31
Mowrer's two-factor theory
(1) classical conditioning: individual responds emotionally to a neutral stimulus; (2) operant conditioning: individual learns to avoid conditioned (previously neutral) stimulus
32
Cognitive paradigm
psychological disorders result from cognitive errors as people actively interpret situations, imposing meaning through perception, interpretation, judgement, memory, and reasoning
33
Schema
an organized network of accumulated knowledge on how the world works that guides interpretation of events
34
Cognitive explanation of depression
a self-fulfilling prophecy due to pessimism (i.e. thinking negatively of oneself leading to isolation and self-deprecation)
35
Cognitive explanation of social anxiety
jumping to conclusions without recognizing the facts
36
Humanistic/Existential paradigm
the core of human functioning is your inner, subjective experience
37
What does the humanistic/existential paradigm emphasize?
searching for meaning in life, using agency and taking responsibility for your choices and attitude, living according to your values, and positive growth
38
Social factors of the development of mental disorders
poverty (poor housing, unsafe conditions, disrupted social ties), parental stress (parental depression, family conflict, harsh parenting)
39
Cultural factors of the development of mental disorders
prejudice and discrimination on ethnicity/rage, SOGI (sexual orientation and gender identity), mental illness
40
What influences the decision to get treatment depending on culture?
the culture's approach to mental health, immigration stress, limited accessibility of services (e.g. language barrier, lack of knowledge in community)
41
Biopsychosocial model
a unified model of understanding psychopathology that includes biological factors, psychological (cognitive/emotional) factors, social and cultural factors
42
Diathesis (diathesis-stress)
what makes you more likely to have a disorder; the predisposing cause or underlying vulnerability
43
Stress (diathesis-stress)
what causes a disorder; the precipitating cause or triggering circumstances
44
2 types of diathesis-stress models
interactive and additive
45
Protective factors
influences that modify a person's response to stressors and help them manage
46
Resilience
ability to successfully adapt to very difficult circumstances (or stress) that comes from having protective factors
47
Genes vs Environment
genes are the inherited tendencies that create vulnerability for a disorder (most are polygenic) and get activated depending on the kind of environment one's in (can override genetic influence)
48
What does a combination of low levels of 5-HT and chronic stressors lead to?
eating disorders, depression, substance use, aggression
49
Gene-environment correlation
an individual's genotype (e.g. temperament) can shape their environment through their interactions with it and the responses they elicit from it
50
What are the rates of divorce for fraternal vs identical twins?
if a fraternal twin is divorced, the other twin has a 2x higher rate of divorce; if an identical twin is divorced, the other twin has a 6x higher rate of divorce
51
What is the underlying premise of treatment?
people can change in certain ways
52
3 kinds of biological therapy
psychopharmacology or medication (most common), ECT or shock therapy, TMS
53
2 types of psychotherapy
evidence-based (Western) and not evidence-based
54
Evidence-based psychotherapy
specific studies found that a treatment works to decrease symptoms of a disorder within controlled conditions (treatment group >= comparison or placebo group)
55
Medication for psychosis
antipsychotics (to decrease dopamine)
56
Medication for bipolar mood disorders
lithium (to increase GABA)
57
Medication for anxiety
benzodiazepines (to increase GABA)
58
Medication for depression
SSRIs (to increase serotonin)
59
5 types of evidence-based psychotherapy
behavioral, cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, interpersonal therapy
60
Classical (Freudian) psychoanalysis
free association, analysis of dreams, transference, resistance
61
Psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy
object-relations and attachment
62
Behavioral therapy
if you modify behavior, the feelings will follow e.g. exposure therapy, modeling (i.e. being a role model), reinforcement, behavioral activation; works well with anxiety disorders and depression
63
Cognitive therapy
thoughts cause feelings and moods, which influences behavior; examines distorted patterns of thinking then changes one's interpretation
64
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
incorporates both thoughts and behaviors (easier to change) in maintaining a disorder and moods; most widely practiced
65
Which disorders does CBT work well with?
anxiety, mild-moderate depression, conduct disorder, bulimia
66
3 component model of CBT
affect (feelings), behavior, and cognitions each affect each other
67
Humanistic therapy
client-centered (patient knows what's best for them and therapist has to help them make that realization); uses motivational interviewing (active listening and open-ended questions) and gestalt therapy (encouraging self-awareness)
68
Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
eclectic (uses multiple paradigms) but structured; uses the therapist-client relationship to address how the client relates to others and change behaviors
69
Which disorders does IPT work with?
borderline personality disorder and depression
70
Disadvantages of minoritized groups in psychotherapy
they are less studied, use less services, and have little access to mental health professionals of the same cultural background (i.e. a good client-clinician match)
71

PSYC 300A (11 decks)

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