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PSYC 300A > Personality disorders > Flashcards

Personality disorders Flashcards

1
Q

How is personality disorder chronic?

A

has early onset (childhood or adolescence); is stable, long-lasting, and pervasive across life areas

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1
Q

Characteristics of personality disorder

A

chronic, inflexible, deviates from cultural expectations, and leads to clinical distress or impaired functioning

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2
Q

Kinds of impaired functioning caused by personality disorder

A

cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning, impulse control

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3
Q

Disorders in cluster A

A

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

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4
Q

Characteristics of cluster A

A

odd, eccentric, avoid social contact

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5
Q

Disorders in cluster B

A

antisocial, histrionic, borderline, narcissistic

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6
Q

Characteristics of cluster B

A

dramatic, erratic, punitive, hostile

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7
Q

Disorders in cluster C

A

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

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8
Q

Characteristics of cluster c

A

anxious and fearful

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9
Q

Characteristics of paranoid disorder

A

suspicious, mistrustful, and expects attacks

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10
Q

Characteristics of schizoid disorder

A

inability of and no interest in forming attachments

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11
Q

Characteristics of schizotypal disorder

A

strange or magical thinking; perception and speech interferes with communication

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12
Q

Characteristics of histrionic disorder

A

dramatic, attention-seeking (otherwise have temper outbursts); emphasis on attractiveness

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13
Q

Characteristics of narcissistic disorder

A

grandiosity, attention-seeking, lack of empathy, self-promoting

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14
Q

Characteristics of antisocial disorder

A

disregard and violation of others’ rights; serious violation of social norms; deceitful and manipulative; conduct disorder in childhood

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15
Q

Characteristics of borderline disorder

A

impulsive; extreme emotional reactivity; drastic mood changes; self-injury/suicide attempts

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16
Q

Characteristics of avoidant disorder

A

shy, hypersensitive to rejection, extreme social insecurity, self-conscious and self-critical

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17
Q

Characteristics of dependent disorder

A

extreme discomfort being alone; suppress needs to keep relationships; indecision

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18
Q

Characteristics of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

excessive concern with order, rules, and trivial details; rigidity; perfectionism; lack of warmth

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19
Q

4 diagnostic issues in studying PDs

A

criteria not sharply defined; categories not mutually exclusive; personality characteristics are dimensional; lack of agreement on assessment measures

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20
Q

Openness

A

openness to experience (e.g. feelings, ideas, actions, ideas)

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21
Q

Conscientiousness

A

order, duty, achievement, self-discipline

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22
Q

Extraversion

A

warmth, excitement-seeking, positive emotions

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23
Q

Agreeableness

A

trust, compliance, altruism

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24
Q

Neuroticism

A

anxiety, anger-hostility, depression, self-consciousness

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25
Q

Traits expressed in extreme levels in antisocial PD

A

negative affectivity/neuroticism, detachment/extreme introversion, antagonism/extremely low agreeableness; disinhibition/extremely low conscientiousness

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26
Q

Controversy in diagnosing PDs

A

reliability of diagnoses is decent but the stability over time is iffy

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27
Q

6 factors that make PDs difficult to treat

A

varied goals; client’s belief in need to change; client response; relationships hard to develop; clinician motivation/patience; tendency to drop out early (37%)

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28
Q

Treatment for PDs

A

CBT/cognitive therapy, techniques adapted based on disorder, antipsychotic/antidepressant medication (for schizotypal), CBT/antidepressant medication (for avoidant)

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29
Q

2 types of specific personality disorders

A

borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy

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30
Q

3 main characteristics of BPD

A

combination of neurosis and psychosis; impulsive reaction to dysphoria leading to self-injury and substance abuse; affective instability or rapid mood changes

31
Q

3 main differences between BPD and bipolar disorder

A

baseline mood; highly responsive to environment in BPD; mood changes in weeks-months for BPD and minutes-hours for bipolar disorder

32
Q

Baseline mood for BPD

A

dysthymia (negative affect), emptiness, anxiety, anger

33
Q

Symptoms of emotional dysregulation in BPD

A

high emotional reactivity, unstable mood (e.g. depression, anxiety, irritability, anger)

34
Q

Symptoms of interpersonal dysregulation in BPD

A

fears of abandonment, unstable and intense relationships

35
Q

Symptoms of behavioral dysregulation in BPD

A

extreme impulsivity or recklessness, NSSI, suicidal behavior

36
Q

Symptoms of dysregulation of sense of self in BPD

A

feelings of emptiness, unstable sense of self, stress-related paranoia or dissociation

37
Q

When does BPD have the greatest impairment and suicide risk?

A

young adulthood (then more stability in 30s and 40s)

38
Q

Comorbidity of BPD

A

mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, eating disorders, PTSD, other cluster B personality disorders

39
Q

Biological factors of BPD

A

genes for the traits of neuroticism and impulsivity; 5x more common among 1st degree relatives along with impulse spectrum disorders (e.g. ASPD, substance abuse); more impulsivity and affective instability among identical twins

40
Q

Effects of BPD on the brain

A

reduced orbitofrontal volume and hippocampal volume, amygdala hyperactivity, lower 5-HT

41
Q

Effect of reduced orbitofrontal volume in BPD

A

impulsivity, aggression, mood instability

42
Q

Effect of reduced hippocampal volume in BPD

A

stress overreactivity and increased fear response

43
Q

Effect of lower 5-HT in BPD

A

impulsive behavior and disinhibition

44
Q

Effect of amygdala hyperactivity in BPD

A

hypervigilance, emotional dysregulation

45
Q

Psychological factors/symptoms of BPD

A

perceived rejection leading to intense rage; misperception of anger; thinking mistakes (e.g. dichotomous thinking, catastrophizing) due to fear of abandonment and rejection

46
Q

Social factors of BPD

A

invalidating environment; early adverse events (e.g. trauma/maltreatment, early separation/loss, abnormal bonding with parent, neglectful and overprotective parent)

47
Q

Invalidating environment

A

efforts to communicate inner experience is disrespected or punished

48
Q

Cycle of an invalidating environment

A

child suppresses emotions > explodes > gets parents’ attention > attention reinforces outburst

49
Q

Biosocial theory of BPD

A

a biological diathesis for emotional reactivity and an invalidating environment leads (stress) to BPD

50
Q

Biological treatment for BPD

A

SSRIs and mood stabilizers (since comorbid with mood disorders); antipsychotics for psychotic/dissociative symptoms

51
Q

Psychological treatments for BPD

A

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), mentalization, transference-based psychodynamic psychotherapy

52
Q

Limitations of DBT treatment for BPD

A

intensive and expensive

53
Q

Principles of DBT

A

acceptance and change

54
Q

2 assumptions for acceptance in DBT

A

individuals are doing the best they can and they want to improve

55
Q

4 assumptions for change in DBT

A

need to be motivated to change; may not have caused their problems but have to solve them anyway; lives are unbearable; must learn new behaviors in new contexts

56
Q

3 components of DBT

A

CBT (change), validation (acceptance), dialectics (finding the middle path)

57
Q

2 procedures involved in DBT

A

individual therapy and skills group

58
Q

What is learned in the skills group in DBT?

A

mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, dialectics

59
Q

Radical acceptance

A

acknowledging a distressing situation, enduring, and working to change the situation when effective

60
Q

3 main characteristics of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

A

inadequate conscience development; irresponsible and impulsive behavior; ability to impress and exploit others

61
Q

Symptoms of ASPD

A

disregard for and violation of the rights of others, deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressiveness, reckless disregard for safety of self or others, consistent irresponsibility, lack of remorse

62
Q

Comorbidity of ASPD

A

substance abuse and other cluster B PDs

63
Q

Biological factors of ASPD

A

PFC dysfunction causing poor executive control; genes (low MAOA); traits (e.g. aggressiveness, impulsivity, low anxiety)

64
Q

MAOA or “warrior” gene

A

enzyme on the X chromosome that breaks down 5-HT, NE, DA causing structural and functional changes in the brain

65
Q

Psychosocial factors of ASPD

A

low income, low parental supervision, parent psychopathology, delinquent siblings/peers, neglect, abuse, harsh discipline

66
Q

2 developmental courses of ASPD

A

ODD by age 6 > CD by age 9 > ASPD; ADHD and CD > ASPD and possibly psychopathy

67
Q

Interpersonal traits of psychopaths

A

superficial charm and pathological lying

68
Q

Affective traits of psychopaths

A

lack of remorse, guilty, and empathy

69
Q

Lifestyle traits of psychopaths

A

need for stimulation and impulsivity

70
Q

Antisocial traits of psychopaths

A

poor behavioral control and criminality

71
Q

Biological factors of psychopathy

A

genes (e.g. callous/unemotional traits), PFC dysfunction, and reduced amygdala volume

72
Q

Psychological factors of psychopathy

A

callous/unemotional traits, low levels of fear or poor conditioning of fear, high reward sensitivity, attentional directedness or tunnel vision

73
Q

Social factors of psychopathy

A

early parental loss, rejection, negative parenting responses due to callous/unemotional traits

73
Q

Goals of early intervention for psychopathy

A

reduce hostile attributions; prevent development of resentment and shame; increase closeness in relationships, kind responses to self/others, softer emotions, compassion for caregivers, and predictable limits

73
Q

Principles of treatment for psychopathy

A

work toward redirecting their skills toward prosocial goals rather than focusing on changing their social skills

PSYC 300A (11 decks)

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