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PSYC 300A > Childhood disorders > Flashcards

Childhood disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental psychopathology

A

origins and course of individual maladaptation in context of typical growth processes

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2
Q

Median age of anxiety, behavior, mood, and substance use disorder onset

A

6, 11, 13, 15

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3
Q

4 most common mental health problems

A

anxiety and irrational fears, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), aggression and rule violation

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4
Q

Biological factors of child development

A

incomplete development of the PFC (the “brakes”) leaves the amygdala (the “gas”) unchecked leading to aggression, fear, and lack of impulse control; synaptic pruning

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5
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

automatic cognitions or connections get stronger the more a child practices them

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6
Q

Psychological factors of child development

A

theory of mind; believing that oneself is the cause of others’ behavior; having a simplistic view of self/world; importance placed on immediate threats; lack of experience

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7
Q

Theory of mind

A

at every age, our ability to see that others have different information or perceptions that we have varies

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8
Q

Social factors of child development

A

relationships (e.g. dependence, lack of control, level of stress); maltreatment

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9
Q

Treatments for child development

A

CBT, IPT, family systems (evidence-based); psychodynamic therapy, play therapy

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10
Q

Issues for treatment of child development

A

child can’t seek treatment themselves; need to treat the parents and family too

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11
Q

2 basic kinds of internalizing disorders

A

anxiety (symptoms seen first) and depression

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12
Q

Similar negative affect between anxiety and depression

A

nervousness, sadness, anger, guilt, worry

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13
Q

Environmentaltriggers of anxiety

A

threat and risk

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14
Q

Environmental triggers of depression

A

loss, high and chronic stress

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15
Q

Biological and psychological factors of internalizing disorders

A

genes and temperament (e.g. behavioral inhibition)

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16
Q

How do kids show behavioral inhibition?

A

tendency to avoid novel/unfamiliar situations, differences in autonomic/sympathetic nervous system reactivity, more easily conditioned to anxiety

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17
Q

Social factors of internalizing disorders

A

relationships, especially with parents/family (e.g. high anxiety in others decreases own adaptive coping); environment (e.g. unusual level of stress, threat exposure)

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18
Q

Anxiety sensitizers vs. suppressors

A

those who pay more attention to anxiety symptoms tend to become more anxious compared to those who endure the symptoms

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19
Q

Biological treatment for internalizing disorders

A

SSRIs (accompanied by CBT)

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20
Q

Psychosocial treatment for internalizing disorders

A

behavior therapy, child CBT + parent/family treatment (e.g. parent-child interaction therapy)

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21
Q

Steps in problem solving (used in CBT and DBT)

A

identify the Situation, Think of possible solutions, Evaluate the solutions, Pick one, See if it worked

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22
Q

Psychological factors of childhood depression

A

same as for adults, especially perfectionism

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23
Q

Social factors of childhood depression

A

depressed parent leads to 2-3x more depression and 15-45% lifetime risk; critical parent

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24
Q

Psychological factors/symptoms of childhood depression

A

formal operations (e.g. abstract/complex thought, egocentrism, cognitive inflexibility, metacognition)

25
Symptoms of depression in children
somatic complaints, psychomotor retardation, greater overlap with anxiety
26
Symptoms of depression in adolescents
hopelessness, hypersomnia, weight changes
27
Biological treatment for depression
SSRIs, youth suicide
28
Psychological treatment for depression
CBT (focus on behavioral activation)
29
Social treatment for depression
IPT
30
2 basic kinds of externalizing disorders
attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD)
31
3 subtypes of ADHD
inattentive, hyperactive-impulse, combination
32
Symptoms of ADHD
hyperactivity, forgetfulness, poor impulse control, distractibility, "run by a motor"
33
Reconsidered definition of ADHD
a disorder of self-regulation and executive function
34
Reconsidered symptoms of ADHD
problem in performance (not skill), low response inhibition, time-blindness, periods of hyper-focus (related to DA), difficulty with transitions
35
Biological factors of ADHD
genes (>30% have a relative with ADHD), low DA, pre-perinatal stress (e.g. through cocaine use, birth complications)
36
Psychosocial factors of ADHD
family adversity and disorganization
37
Biological symptoms of ADHD
hyperactivity-impulse control (poor connections between amygdala and PFC, underactive behavioral inhibition system, underarousal theory or not enough stimulation), inconsistent attention
38
What parts of the brain are responsible for controlling and directing attention?
striatum, frontal lobes, posterior periventricular region, which are interconnected with sensory cortices and act as a gate
39
How do gates in the brain regulate our attention?
important information is registered as blood flow increases in sensory cortices (especially to vision and sound input areas) and irrelevant stimuli is filtered out
40
Biological treatment to ADHD
medication like methylphenidate
41
What are the effects of methylphenidate?
redistributes blood flow in the brain (less to structures involved in vision and hearing); increases function of the striatum, frontal lobes, and posterior periventricular region; increases availability of DA; increases focus, inhibitory control, regulation of extraneous motor behavior
42
Psychosocial treatments for ADHD
externalize executive functioning (cognitive); reward systems and frequent breaks; environmental adjustment and accomodation necessary (behavioral); behavioral parent and teacher training
43
What do behavioral programs for ADHD emphasize?
time-limited attention, emotion regulation, and rule following
44
Conduct disorder
violation of rules and disregard for basic rights of others
45
Symptoms of conduct disorder
aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, serious violation of rules
46
Comorbidity of conduct disorder
ADHD, substance abuse, anxiety, depression
47
Biological factors of conduct disorder
genes (e.g. MAOA gene) with 50% heritability of antisocial behavior; gene x environment correlations (e.g. parent rGEs and active or kid-created RGEs)
48
MAOA or "warrior" gene
breaks down 5-HT, NE, DA; a decrease leads to aggression
49
What is inherited in conduct disorder?
callous-unemotional style, executive dysfunction, high emotional reactivity, sensation-seeking due to chronic underarousal
50
Psychological factors of conduct disorder
empathy and perspective-taking deficits, hostile attributional bias
51
Social factors of conduct disorder
modeling; inter-parent discord; overly harsh discipline; inconsistent contingencies (e.g. in trouble if parent in bad mood); low involvement, weak bonding, poor monitoring; differential attending/rewarding
52
Biological treatment for conduct disorder
antipsychotics, stimulant medication
53
Social treatment for conduct disorder
avoid harsh discipline, family intervention (e.g. parent management training), multisystemic training
54
Multisystemic training
involves child, family, school, and peer group; often used instead of incarceration
55
Goal of parent management training
increasing the rewarding nature of spending time with parents
56
What is done in parent management training?
relationship-building, attending, active ignoring, giving effective instructions, praise/reward system, consequences (e.g. privilege removal, attention withdrawal)
57
Multisystemic therapy
combines aspects of CBT, case management, family systems treatment
58
What is done in multisystemic therapy?
find a good fit between the problem and systemic context, encourage responsible behavior in family members, require daily/weekly effort

PSYC 300A (11 decks)

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