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PSYC 300A > Childhood disorders > Flashcards

Childhood disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental psychopathology

A

origins and course of individual maladaptation in context of typical growth processes

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2
Q

Median age of anxiety, behavior, mood, and substance use disorder onset

A

6, 11, 13, 15

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3
Q

4 most common mental health problems

A

anxiety and irrational fears, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), aggression and rule violation

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4
Q

Biological factors of child development

A

incomplete development of the PFC (the “brakes”) leaves the amygdala (the “gas”) unchecked leading to aggression, fear, and lack of impulse control; synaptic pruning

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5
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

automatic cognitions or connections get stronger the more a child practices them

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6
Q

Psychological factors of child development

A

theory of mind; believing that oneself is the cause of others’ behavior; having a simplistic view of self/world; importance placed on immediate threats; lack of experience

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7
Q

Theory of mind

A

at every age, our ability to see that others have different information or perceptions that we have varies

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8
Q

Social factors of child development

A

relationships (e.g. dependence, lack of control, level of stress); maltreatment

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9
Q

Treatments for child development

A

CBT, IPT, family systems (evidence-based); psychodynamic therapy, play therapy

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10
Q

Issues for treatment of child development

A

child can’t seek treatment themselves; need to treat the parents and family too

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11
Q

2 basic kinds of internalizing disorders

A

anxiety (symptoms seen first) and depression

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12
Q

Similar negative affect between anxiety and depression

A

nervousness, sadness, anger, guilt, worry

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13
Q

Environmentaltriggers of anxiety

A

threat and risk

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14
Q

Environmental triggers of depression

A

loss, high and chronic stress

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15
Q

Biological and psychological factors of internalizing disorders

A

genes and temperament (e.g. behavioral inhibition)

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16
Q

How do kids show behavioral inhibition?

A

tendency to avoid novel/unfamiliar situations, differences in autonomic/sympathetic nervous system reactivity, more easily conditioned to anxiety

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17
Q

Social factors of internalizing disorders

A

relationships, especially with parents/family (e.g. high anxiety in others decreases own adaptive coping); environment (e.g. unusual level of stress, threat exposure)

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18
Q

Anxiety sensitizers vs. suppressors

A

those who pay more attention to anxiety symptoms tend to become more anxious compared to those who endure the symptoms

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19
Q

Biological treatment for internalizing disorders

A

SSRIs (accompanied by CBT)

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20
Q

Psychosocial treatment for internalizing disorders

A

behavior therapy, child CBT + parent/family treatment (e.g. parent-child interaction therapy)

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21
Q

Steps in problem solving (used in CBT and DBT)

A

identify the Situation, Think of possible solutions, Evaluate the solutions, Pick one, See if it worked

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22
Q

Psychological factors of childhood depression

A

same as for adults, especially perfectionism

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23
Q

Social factors of childhood depression

A

depressed parent leads to 2-3x more depression and 15-45% lifetime risk; critical parent

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24
Q

Psychological factors/symptoms of childhood depression

A

formal operations (e.g. abstract/complex thought, egocentrism, cognitive inflexibility, metacognition)

25
Q

Symptoms of depression in children

A

somatic complaints, psychomotor retardation, greater overlap with anxiety

26
Q

Symptoms of depression in adolescents

A

hopelessness, hypersomnia, weight changes

27
Q

Biological treatment for depression

A

SSRIs, youth suicide

28
Q

Psychological treatment for depression

A

CBT (focus on behavioral activation)

29
Q

Social treatment for depression

A

IPT

30
Q

2 basic kinds of externalizing disorders

A

attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD)

31
Q

3 subtypes of ADHD

A

inattentive, hyperactive-impulse, combination

32
Q

Symptoms of ADHD

A

hyperactivity, forgetfulness, poor impulse control, distractibility, “run by a motor”

33
Q

Reconsidered definition of ADHD

A

a disorder of self-regulation and executive function

34
Q

Reconsidered symptoms of ADHD

A

problem in performance (not skill), low response inhibition, time-blindness, periods of hyper-focus (related to DA), difficulty with transitions

35
Q

Biological factors of ADHD

A

genes (>30% have a relative with ADHD), low DA, pre-perinatal stress (e.g. through cocaine use, birth complications)

36
Q

Psychosocial factors of ADHD

A

family adversity and disorganization

37
Q

Biological symptoms of ADHD

A

hyperactivity-impulse control (poor connections between amygdala and PFC, underactive behavioral inhibition system, underarousal theory or not enough stimulation), inconsistent attention

38
Q

What parts of the brain are responsible for controlling and directing attention?

A

striatum, frontal lobes, posterior periventricular region, which are interconnected with sensory cortices and act as a gate

39
Q

How do gates in the brain regulate our attention?

A

important information is registered as blood flow increases in sensory cortices (especially to vision and sound input areas) and irrelevant stimuli is filtered out

40
Q

Biological treatment to ADHD

A

medication like methylphenidate

41
Q

What are the effects of methylphenidate?

A

redistributes blood flow in the brain (less to structures involved in vision and hearing); increases function of the striatum, frontal lobes, and posterior periventricular region; increases availability of DA; increases focus, inhibitory control, regulation of extraneous motor behavior

42
Q

Psychosocial treatments for ADHD

A

externalize executive functioning (cognitive); reward systems and frequent breaks; environmental adjustment and accomodation necessary (behavioral); behavioral parent and teacher training

43
Q

What do behavioral programs for ADHD emphasize?

A

time-limited attention, emotion regulation, and rule following

44
Q

Conduct disorder

A

violation of rules and disregard for basic rights of others

45
Q

Symptoms of conduct disorder

A

aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, serious violation of rules

46
Q

Comorbidity of conduct disorder

A

ADHD, substance abuse, anxiety, depression

47
Q

Biological factors of conduct disorder

A

genes (e.g. MAOA gene) with 50% heritability of antisocial behavior; gene x environment correlations (e.g. parent rGEs and active or kid-created RGEs)

48
Q

MAOA or “warrior” gene

A

breaks down 5-HT, NE, DA; a decrease leads to aggression

49
Q

What is inherited in conduct disorder?

A

callous-unemotional style, executive dysfunction, high emotional reactivity, sensation-seeking due to chronic underarousal

50
Q

Psychological factors of conduct disorder

A

empathy and perspective-taking deficits, hostile attributional bias

51
Q

Social factors of conduct disorder

A

modeling; inter-parent discord; overly harsh discipline; inconsistent contingencies (e.g. in trouble if parent in bad mood); low involvement, weak bonding, poor monitoring; differential attending/rewarding

52
Q

Biological treatment for conduct disorder

A

antipsychotics, stimulant medication

53
Q

Social treatment for conduct disorder

A

avoid harsh discipline, family intervention (e.g. parent management training), multisystemic training

54
Q

Multisystemic training

A

involves child, family, school, and peer group; often used instead of incarceration

55
Q

Goal of parent management training

A

increasing the rewarding nature of spending time with parents

56
Q

What is done in parent management training?

A

relationship-building, attending, active ignoring, giving effective instructions, praise/reward system, consequences (e.g. privilege removal, attention withdrawal)

57
Q

Multisystemic therapy

A

combines aspects of CBT, case management, family systems treatment

58
Q

What is done in multisystemic therapy?

A

find a good fit between the problem and systemic context, encourage responsible behavior in family members, require daily/weekly effort

PSYC 300A (11 decks)

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