stress and anxiety Flashcards
what are different types of anxiety disorders?
- seperation
- GAD
- specific phobia
- agoraphobia
- panic attack/disorder
what are some clinical descriptions of anxiety based on DSM-V?
for last 6 months…
- worrying excessively
- signs of physical tension
- problems with attention/concentration
- suffer depressed mood
what are some physical symptoms of GAD?
- muscle tension
- fatigue
- edginess
- restlessness
- difficulty sleeping
what are some functions of the medial cerebral cortex?
- planning
- decision making
- reward processing
- predicting consequences
- regulate impulses, emotions and behaviour
where is the limbic system located?
wrap around brainstem and beneath cerebral cortex
where is the limbic system located?
wrap around brainstem and beneath cerebral cortex
what is the limbic system the major centre for?
emotion formation and processing, learning and memory
what is the hippocampus involved in?
memory storage/formation, complex cognition, HPA, moderate stress
what structures are involved in the limbic system?
- cingulate gyrus
- parahippocampal gyrus, denate gyrus
- hippocampus
- amygdala
what is the amygdala associated with?
complex emotional responses esp. aggression
what is involved in sympathetic activation?
- adrenaline and cortisol release
- mobilise energy reserves
- counteracts stress effects
what can occur if there is too much cortisol for too long?
- exhaustion
- impaired immune function
- chronic hypertension
- obesity
- atherosclerosis
what are the basal ganglia involved in?
initiate and control movement
what are the basal ganglia involved in?
initiate and control movement
what is associated with high levels of prolonged stress?
- learned anxious behaviour
- alters neural connections
- reduced cortical inhibition
what is effected when there is an imbalance of monoamines and ACh?
impaired…
- motor control
- mood
- thought processing
where does serotonin project from?
dorsal Raphe nucleus (reticular formation)
where does noradrenaline project from?
Locus coeruleus (reticular formation)
what occurs in relation to low serotonin in the prefrontal cortex?
difficulty seeing positive outcomes
what occurs in relation to low serotonin in the anterior cingulate gyrus?
unable to shift attention
what occurs when there is overactivity of noradrenaline?
- arousal
- stress
- increased basal ganglia tone
- hypertension
what occurs when there are low levels of GABA in the anterior cingulate gyrus?
increased rumination
what occurs when there are low levels of GABA in the limbic system?
overactivity and heightened fear response
what occurs when there are low levels of GABA in the prefrontal cortex?
unable to deliberately suppress thoughts effectively, worry
