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Stress Flashcards

1
Q

3 dimensions to hardiness

A
  • commitment - deeply involved in their relationships and activities
  • challenge - resilient and welcome change as an opportunity, not a threat
  • control - believe that they are in charge of events
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2
Q

types of personality (stress)

A

A - competitive, achievement motivated, time urgency, hostile
B - relaxed, tolerant, less competitive
C - people pleasers, compliant, passive, self-sacrificing

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3
Q

Maddi

A
  • hardiness gives us the existential courage to deal with stress and the determination to keep going, despite the setbacks of life and uncertainties about the future
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4
Q

BBs

A

Beta-blockers
- adrenaline and noradrenaline produced as part of sympathomedullary pathway (SAM) in response to acute stress
- they bind to beta-adrenergic receptors in cardiovascular system, which increases heart rate / blood pressure
- beta-blockers don’t allow this to happen, thus reducing the physical effects of stress.

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5
Q

beta blocker side effects

A
  • light headed (individual differences)
  • fatigue
  • hides effects of low blood sugar levels (diabetes)
  • rebound if stopped suddenly
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6
Q

Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)

A

Holmes et al
- studied medical records of hospital patients, identifying events in their lives before they became ill
- asked several hundred ppts how much readjustment would be required to adapt to each life change from 0-1000
- calculated mean and divided by 10 = life change unit (LCU)
- in order to calculate total, total of LCU added up

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7
Q

Schaefer et al

A

3 kinds of social support
- Instrumental - physical
- Emotional - sympathy
- Esteem - self-worth

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8
Q

how do life changes and daily hassles interact

A
  • life changes exert their effects on well-being through daily hassles.
  • life changes have indirect effects - distal stress sources
  • daily hassles have direct and immediate effects - proximal sources
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9
Q

pathway for chronic stress

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system (HPA)
- chronic stress
- takes longer to activate but can last for several hours
- hypothalamus is activated by stressor, then releases corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
- CRF is detected by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, which then releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
- ATCH levels detected by adrenal cortex, which secretes cortisol
- negative feedback loop (high cortisol = reduction in CRF and ACTH

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10
Q

Dattore et al

A

200 veterans of Vietnam war - 75 were cancer patients and rest were control
- cancer patients had significantly greater emotional repression and fewer depression symptoms - evidence that repressing emotion leads to cancer

+ type C personality type

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11
Q

freidman et al theory

A

identified the influence of personality - treated patients with CHD, who all had similar personality traits (type A)

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12
Q

skin conductance response

A

based on fight or flight response
when stressed autonomic nervous system is aroused = more sweat
electrodes attached to hand (most accessible and sensitive)
weak electric current used to measure sweat - more sweat = more conductance

tonic conductance = no stimulus, so used as a baseline
phasic conductance = experiencing a stimulus (e.g. image or question) - this is the skin conductance response, and combined with heart rate, blood pressure and respiration to make up a polygraph

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13
Q

Fawzy et al

A
  • skin cancer patients joined support group for 1 hour per week, for 6 weeks
  • after 6 years, ppts has better NK cell functioning + more likely to be alive and cancer free

HOWEVER
- after 10 years, no difference was seen

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14
Q

third stage of stress inoculation therapy

A

real life application + follow through
- therapist creates opportunities for client to try out skills in a safe environment
- this includes role playing or virtual reality
- homework is set - seek out stressful situations
- therapist’s involvement lessens as client gains confidence and control
- also works on relapse prevention
- change perception of setbacks from negative to temporary learning opportunities

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15
Q

stress inoculation therapy

A

-a form of cognitive behaviour therapy applied to stress management
- includes three stages
— conceptualisation
— skills acquisition and rehearsal
— real life application and follow through

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16
Q

Kiecolt-Glaser’s research on caring for a relative

A
  • matched a group of people looking after a relative with Alzheimer’s. and a control group on non-caregivers
  • over 13 months, caregivers showed a weaker immune response, and had infectious illnesses on significantly more days, and 26% more met the criteria for clinical depression
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17
Q

Turner et al

A

asked ppts to rate desirability of SRRS
found that undesirable changes caused most stress, not all life changes

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18
Q

Carmelli et al

A

analysed 27-year follow up study of Friedman’s research and found exceptionally high CHD- related death rates in a group with high hostility scores

  • this shows stress related illness is not due to only personality type, but also hostility levels
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19
Q

daily hassles

A

relatively minor but frequent aggravations and annoyances of everyday life that combine to cause us stress

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20
Q

liu et al

A
  • cultural similarities of workload
  • Chinese and US workers both rated as 3rd most stressful workplace stressor in both cultures

+ influence of work load

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21
Q

first phase of stress inoculation therapy

A

conceptualisation
- client and therapist work together to identify stressor
- client learns about the nature of stress and its effects
- focus on cognitive appraisal

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22
Q

Greer et al

A

found a link between breast cancer and type C personalities
however, this link only existed in women under the age of 50

  • individual differences and factors other than personality
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23
Q

Hassles and uplifts scale

A

Kanner et al
- consists of 117 items in 7 categories (e.g work, family, health etc)
- severity is measured by either being somewhat, moderately or extremely severe (shows that the psychological impact is more important than frequency)
- uplifts is similar = 135 items (e.g good sleep, meeting goals)

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24
Q

Immunosuppression

A

stress can cause illness by preventing the immune system from working efficiently and carrying out its usual task of identifying and destroying foreign bodies

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25
taylor et al
women use a tend and befriend approach to stress
26
cardiovascular disease
any disorder of the heart or blood vessels, including events that affect the brain (e.g stroke)
27
Maddi's research
- studied 400 managers and supervisors at a big US company - this company underwent one of the biggest reorganizations in American corporate history, thousands of people list their jobs and was highly stressful for all involved - significant declines in health and performance of 2/3 of ppts. - results included strokes, heart attacks, depression and drug abuse. - - one third flourished, and these scored highly on challenge, commitment and control factors
28
kanner's research
- constructed a hassles scale - 100 ppts (age 45-64) completed this every months for 9 consecutive months - also, measured life changes one month before study and during 10th month of the study - also, Hopkins symptom checklist - measures psychological symptoms of depression and anxiety - found significant positive correlations between hassle frequency and phycological symptoms - hassles were a stronger predictor of psychological symptoms than life changes
29
Baldwin et al
reviewed randomised controlled trials (half of ppts are given real drug, and the other given a placebo) found BZs are significantly more effective at reducing acute anxiety than the placebo + BZs
30
second phase of stress inoculation therapy
skills acquisition and rehearsal - client learns about the skills required to cope with stress - such as relaxation, social skills, communication etc - client learns to use self-talk (positive sayings) to replace negative internal dialogue - also plans response for stressful situations
31
BZs
benzodiazepines - reduce physiological arousal in central nervous system. - they enhance the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. - GABA binds to the receptors on post-synaptic neurons, making it less likely to fire - BZs enhance this, and also bind to the receptor sites, meaning that the neurons are more responsive to GABA, and less responsive to other neurotransmitters
32
Rahe et al
Used SRRS with US navy personnel completed survey which assessed life changes in last 6 months before duty total LCU score calculated and illness measured throughout duty as well as after found a significant positive correlation (+0.118)
33
resistance stage
- the body attempts to adapt to the stressful environmental demands by resisting the stressor. - physiological activity is greater than normal and uses lots of energy - resources are being consumed at a harmful rate, yet the individual appears to be coping - parasympathetic nervous system activated to conserve energy as stressor is becoming chronic.
34
Mason
- replicated Selye's procedure with monkeys, measuring response to 7 different stressors by measuring urinary cortisol levels - outcomes depended on stressor (extreme heat reduced levels and extreme cold increased levels) - GAS
35
Beta Blockers
- reduce arousal of sympathetic nervous system - when adrenaline and noradrenaline are released, they combine with beta-adrenergic receptors throughout the cardiovascular system to cause effects (e.g. high heart / breathing rate) - Beta blockers block these receptors, and so they cannot be stimulated by the neurotransmitters - this reduces physical effects of anxiety
36
Saunders
meta analysis of 37 studies into SIT effectiveness - concluded that is it successful in performance (public speaking) and stress (exams) + of SIT
37
lucklow et al
women were more likely to seek social support
38
Lietzen et al
used data from Finland study - over 16000 adults who did not have asthma high level of life change stress predicted asthma onset ALTHOUGH - almost half of ppts experienced one or less life change, showing the influence of other factors + life changes
39
contrada et al
- the most hardy students had lowest resting blood pressure in response to a stressor + hardiness affects stress response
40
Alarm reaction
- initial shock - body's resources are briefly decreased before quickly recovering. - physiological systems are activated in prep for fight or flight
41
temoshok
type c personality - linked with cancer - people pleasers - repressing emotions (including anger)
42
Yusuf et al
Chronic stress INTERHEART study involved 52 countries, and compared 15,000 people who had had a heart attack to a similar number of those who hadn't Found several chronic stressors with a strong link to heart attacks Influence of stress was greater then obesity, and came tired to smoking and cholesterol. + stress' influence on illness
43
folkman et al
Women use emotion focused methods, men use problem focused methods
44
Kelly
BB reduced exam stress +BBs
45
Bosma et al
over 10,000 civil servants in a range of job grades detailed questionnaire to measure various aspects of job control and demand, examined for coronary heart disease, and followed up after 5 years - found no correlation between workload and illness (job demands not significant) - those with low control were more likely to have CHD 5 years later, regardless of other factors (smoking, diet etc) + of job demands control model
46
Lampen et al
Acute stress looked at heart attack incidences in German football fans during the World cup. on days when Germany played, cardiac emergencies increased by 2.66 times
47
Speisman et al
- students watched a gruesome medical procedure and had heart rates measured - if told that the surgery was traumatic, their heart rates increased, but if told that it was voluntary, heart rates decreased - stress is not purely physiological
48
Cohen et al
- phoned 404 healthy participants for 14 days - measured stress (interpersonal conflicts), perceived social support (questionnaire) and hugs - exposed to common cold virus -more stress = more illness - more hugs = less ill + reduced symptoms
49
How did Selye perceive stress
the body's attempt to adapt to a stressor
50
2 ways to measure stress
Self report physiological measures
51
Ivancevich
- ppts completed HSUP, and work absenteeism, general health and job performance measured - daily hassles were strong predictors of poor health and job performance + daily hassles
52
Kobasa's research
- measured the life changes of 670 American middle and senior managers ages 40-49. - used similar scale to SRRS to identify those who had experienced high levels of stress over the past 3 years - measured illness by seriousness of illness survey + number of days taken off work - not all managers responded to stress in the same way - some coped without illness - this group scored highly on measures of challenge, control and commitment
53
54
freidman et al research
- 3000 Californian men - all free from CHD, structured interview to determine personality type (25 questions) - designed to incite type A behavior - response was observed to classify type A or B - 8.5 years later, 257 had CHD - of this 70% were type A - this was around 2 x more than type B - A had more adrenaline, higher blood pressure and cholesterol levels + personality type
55
Lazarus et al
Appraisal - first encountering a hassle = primary appraisal - here, we evaluate the threat which it poses to our psychological health - if it is deemed a threat, then we move to secondary appraisal - this is where we consider how well equipped we are to deal with the hassle
56
Job demands-control model
Karasek = stressful demands of a job can lead to poor health and absenteeism, but it can be modified by the amount of control an employee has over their work - job control acts as a buffer between the harmful effects of job demands
57
Johansson et al
natural experiment in a Swedish sawmill - group 1 = wood finishers (preparing timber, repetitive and cut off from others, low control due to machinery, complex and skilled, high responsibility) - group 2 = cleaners (more control, flexibility, contact and less responsibility) - measured absenteeism and levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline in urine, before leaving home in the AM, and 3 times at work - higher level of stress hormones in wood finishers, both before and during work - also, finishers' levels increased throughout the day, whereas cleaners' decreased - higher levels of illness in finishers
58
exhaustion stage
- adaptation is failing - body's resources are drained - re-experiences symptoms of sympathetic arousal from alarm stage - adrenal glands may become damaged and immune system is compromised - stress related illnesses are likely (e.g high blood pressure, depression etc)
59
Hardiness
Kobasa - aspect of personality - a set of characteristics that only some people have
60
Holmes et al
PPTs ticked off all life changes over last 12 months, using SRRS and LCU, their total was calculated and correlated with a measure of illness over the same 12 months. Under 150 LCU = reasonable health 150-300 = 50% experienced illness Over 300 LCU = 80% reported illness
61
other physiological measures
- blood pressure - adrenaline and cortisol measures (blood / saliva) --- these fluctuate within the day, and so should be compared to readings in low / no stress
62
life changes
significant and relatively infrequent events in people's lives that cause stress
63
General adaptation syndrome
Selye 1936 - process of adapting to a stressor - Alarm reaction - Resistance - Exhaustion
64
De Riddler et al
- women only reported using more emotion focused methods in retrospect - gender difference disappeared when recorded as stress happened
65
factors which may impact effectiveness of drugs
age (older = weaker) gender previous medical history (may require alternative dosage) other medication (combination of side effects) lifestyle choices (drugs / alcohol, sleep, nutrition may impact) social support
66
Dharbhar
subjected rats to mild acute stress and found that immune cells flooded into bloodstream to prepare for physical damage - stress can be protective - GAS
67
Meier et al
self efficacy - confidence in performance within one's role those with low self efficacy actually felt more stressed in jobs with more control, since they struggle to make decisions - job control depends on individual differences
68
Hensel -Dittman et al
- SIT not effective in people who had no control of stressor (asylum seekers with PTSD from torture who are at risk of deportation) - of SIT
69
+ for GAS
Selye - subjected rats to various stressors (cold, surgical injury or excessive exercise) - same collection of responses occurred (a syndrome) regardless of which stressor
70
bartone et al
- used hardiness as part of US special forces applications to employ those most suited to the highly stressful element of the job. + hardiness (real world app)
71
pathway for acute stress
Sympathomedullary pathway (SAM) - fight or flight - sympathetic branch of autonomic nervous system is activated by hypothalamus - sympathetic nerves causes adrenal medulla to produce adrenaline and noradrenaline = muscles tense, heart beats faster, glycogen --> glucose - once a stressor is no longer perceived, parasympathetic system takes over, with a priority on energy conservation.
72
example of BB
Atenolol (tenormin)
73
Kiecolt-Glaser's research on exams
- 75 medical students gave a blood sample 1 month before exam period (low stress) and on the day of the first exam (high stress) - they also completed questionnaires to measure sources of stress and physiological symptoms - NK and killer T cells decreased between two samples (immune response suppressed) - this was most apparent in students who felt lonely, and experienced other sources of stress
74
uplifts definition
daily enjoyable things that offer a small boost and offset the stress of hassles
75
petersen et al
- women tended to accept blame and use avoidance techniques (emotion focused) - men made plans (problem focused) but - found more similarities between genders than differences
76
Taylor et al
Women generally 'tend and befriend' rather then fight or flight, since oxytocin inhibits the fight or flight response - general adaptation syndrome is not generalisable
77
example of BZ
Diazepam (Valium)

PSYCH (11 decks)

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