Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYCH > Relationships > Flashcards

Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

Walster (study)

A
  • male and female students asked to a dance
  • attractiveness judged by observers + completed a questionnaire about themselves.
  • told that their answers were matched by a computer to a partner
  • it was actually randomly allocated

-most attractive people were liked more, regardless of own attractiveness.

This rejects the matching hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Duck’s phases with thresholds

A

1) Intra-psychic phase (‘i can’t stand this anymore’)
2) Dyadic phase (‘I would be justified in withdrawing’)
3) Social phase (‘I mean it’)
4) Grave dressing phase (‘It’s now inevitable’)

Final threshold - ‘time to get a new life.’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

anisogamy def

A

differences between male and female sex cells (gametes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sproull et al

A

reduced cues theory
- virtual relationships are less effective than FTF as there are less cues
- a cue may be appearance, facial expressions or tone of voice
- this reduces identity (de-indivuation) and leads to deinhibition
- therefore, people feel freer to communicate in blunt and aggressive ways
- people are unlikely to express feelings to someone impersonal .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

comparison levels

A
  • comparison level - amount of reward which you believe you deserve, becomes more detailed as you have more relationships
  • comparison level for alternatives - do we gain greater rewards and incur less costs elsewhere?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

social penetration theory

A

Taylor et al
gradual process of revealing inner self to someone else
reciprocal exchange of personal information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Singh

A
  • preference for waist to hip ratio is 0.7
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 filters

A

1) social demography - factors which influence the chance of partners meeting (e.g. location, interests, age, religion etc)

2) similarities in attitudes - required for short term maintenance (up to 18 months). Must agree on basic values.

3) Complementarity - ability to meet each other’s needs. What one partner lacked, the other may possess.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Levinger

A
  • many studies failed to replicate the findings of Davis’ study
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Intra-psychic phase

A
  • private considerations of the pros and cons
  • cognitive process
  • dissatisfied partner focuses on reasons for dissatisfaction
  • these are often their partner’s shortcomings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Berscheid et al

A
  • replicated Walster et al’s study but let ppts pick their partner
  • picked similar levels of attractiveness to themselves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

relationship maintenance mechanisms

A

rusbult
- Don’t engage in meaningless bickers
- put partner first (willingness to sacrifice)
- show forgiveness
- unrealistically positive about partner (positive illusions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Zahavi

A

Handicap hypothesis
- some characteristics may appear attractive to opposite gender, but handicap physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

equity theory

A

costs and rewards don’t have to be equal, but instead the level of profit must be equal
- focus is on the ratio between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Argyle

A
  • we don’t monitor costs and rewards, or consider alternatives until after we are dissatisfied
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ruppel et ak

A

meta analysis of 25 studies and found that self-report studies found FTF relationships to have greater frequency, depth and breadth of self-disclosure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Intersexual selection

A
  • between the sexes
  • e.g. female chose males
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dimorphism

A
  • women and men look different due to intra-sexual selection
  • in males, size matters - larger, stronger male have advantage
  • in females, size doesn’t matter, instead youthfulness is selected by males due to fertility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Braugh and McKenna (theory)

A

absence of gating
- a gate is any obstacle to a relationship forming
- e.g. physical appearance, a stammer, social anxiety etc
- these are absent online, so relationships form quicker, since focus is on self-disclosure rather than superficial features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

self-disclosure at start of relationship

A
  • superficial info
  • on the surface
  • low risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

consequences of inequity

A
  • the greater the perceived inequity, the greater the dissatisfaction
  • as time goes on, equity can change
  • dissatisfied partner may change perception of costs and rewards to make it feel more equitable, therefore costs are accepted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Clark et al

A
  • got psych students to ask peers if they would sleep with them
  • no females agreed, 75% of males did.
  • females are more choosy in their sexual partners
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Shaver et al
(relationships)

A
  • for a relationship to develop and grow in breadth / depth there must be a reciprocal element to disclosure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

depenetration

A

Taylor et al
- dissatisfied partners disclose less as they gradually disengage from the relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
larsen et al
people with symmetrical faces are more attractive (hard to fake)
26
halo effect definition
one distinguishing factor (e.g. physical attractiveness) have a disproportionate influence on out judgements on other traits which are unrelated
27
Fisher et al
sexy sons hypothesis - females select males with attractive features, and this trait is passed onto male offspring
28
Hendrick et al
in heterosexual relationships, as self-disclosure increased, so did relationship satisfaction
29
Rusbult et al theory
commitment depends on 3 main factors: - satisfaction (based upon comparison level) - comparison with alternatives - investment (what do we lose if relationship ends)
30
Rollie et al
added the 'resurrection stage' to Duck's model, this explains the application of the old experiences being applied to new relationships.
31
Tidwell et al
- people use other cues (e.g. gifs, emojis etc) in online relationships
32
Huseman et al
Equity is not important for everyone - benevolents (seek to underbenefit) - entitleds (aim to overbenefit)
33
elements of self-disclosure
1) breadth 2) depth
34
differences between gametes
male - small, highly mobile,created continuously, require little energy for production female - large, static, created at intervals, require huge investment of energy to produce
35
Tang et al
- collectivist cultures self-disclose significantly less sexual thoughts than individualistic
36
Dyadic phase
- becomes interpersonal - can't avoid the conversation any longer - may include hostility, anxiety, complaints about the lack of equity, resentment over imbalanced roles, reconsideration of commitment - 2 outcomes - new desire to repair relationship, or it continues to break down
37
Braugh and McKenna (research)
investigated shy / socially anxious people - 71% of their online relationships lasted over 2 years, compared to 49% FTF
38
grave dressing phase
- each partner creates a favourable public story to save their own face + retain social credit - old endearing traits are now considered negatively
39
Markey et al
Lesbian couples of equal dominance were most satisfied. These were long term relationships (average was 4.5 years)
40
Walther et al
the hyper personal model - virtual relationships are more effective than FTF as self-disclosure happens earlier and is more intimate - sender controls perception (selective self-presentation) and manipulates their self image by being either: - hyper honest or hyper dishonest - the receiver gains a positive image and may reinforce
41
Intrasexual selection
- within the sexes - e.g. males compete with each other
42
Filter theory
Davis et al When choosing a partner, we have a field of availables - these are all the potential partners However, these are not always desirable. Therefore, we use filters to narrow down into a field of desirables
43
levels of parasocial relationship
Maltby et al - entertainment-social - used as social interaction - intense-personal - greater personal involvement - borderline - pathological - uncontrollable fantasies + extreme behaviour
44
Dion et al
physically attractive people are consistently rated as kind, strong and successful compared to unattractive people
45
Aumer-Ryan et al
- found that in individualistic cultures, relationships were most satisfactory when equitable, but in collectivist cultures, relationships were most satisfactory when over benefitting
46
Utne et al
- survey measuring equity found partners who saw the relationship as equitable were more satisfied
47
Walster et al (theory)
matching hypothesis - we look for partners who are similar to ourselves in terms of physical attractiveness
48
Goodfriend et al
- Rusbult's theory is too simplistic, and ignores that in the early stages of a relationship, there are very few investments, instead, the relationship is fuelled by future plans
49
sexual selection
an evolutionary explanation of partner preference. attributes / behaviours that increase reproductive success are passed on.
50
Braugh et al
people feel less accountable when anonymous
51
Kurdek
- gave gay, lesbian and heterosexual partners questionnaires to determine relationship commitment and SET variables. - most committed partners perceived the most rewards and fewest costs
52
self-disclosure
revealing personal information about yourself
53
stages of relationship development (Kelley)
- Sampling stage - explore costs and rewards by experimenting with them + observing others - Bargaining stage - beginning of relationship, first exchange of costs and rewards, negotiating. - commitment stage - sources of costs and rewards become more predictable. rewards increase, cost decrease. - institutionalisation stage - normas established, partners settled down
54
55
Buss et al (values in a partner)
- survey of over 10,000 adults in 33 countries - females placed greater value upon resource-related characteristics -males valued physical attractiveness and youth
56
Taylor et al
studied dating site activity more realistic as it shows people's dating decisions, rather than preferences found that people chose those more attractive than them drawback of Walster's study (matching hypothesis)
57
Trivers
- inter-sexual selection - females make greater investment of time / commitment before, during and after birth of offspring - so must aim to select a genetically fit / supportive male
58
Davis et al (research)
- longitudinal study - measured similarity of values, complementarity and relationship closeness - found that similarity of values was most important in short term, and complementarity was important in long term relationships.
59
Palmer et al
Physically attractive people were rated as more politically knowledgeable and competent, even when told that they had no such expertise + halo effect
60
Kelley et al
Social exchange theory - satisfaction of a relationship is based upon the profit it yields, with costs and profits
61
Stafford et al
57% of homosexual men and women said that open and honest self-disclosure was the main way they maintained and deepened relationships
62
le et al
- meta analysis of 52 studies, over 11,000 ppts - found that satisfaction, comparison and investment size all predicated relationships commitment - this was true for both men and women, homosexual and heterosexual couples, and across a range of cultures HOWEVER - this is correlational research, and does not necessarily mean it is causation
63
Social phase
- includes friends and families - mutual friends feel they have to pick a side - friends may: reinforce (too good for him anyway) blame provide secret information aim to help repair - this is the point of no return

PSYCH (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions