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1
Q

support for agentic state

A

milgram
when ppts asked who is responsible, the experimenter said they were, and ppt continued.

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2
Q

task difficulty variation

A

conformity increased when the task was more ambiguous

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3
Q

social change

A

when whole societies adopt new attitudes and beliefs

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4
Q

conformity

A

a change in a person’s behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people

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5
Q

adorno’s research

A

2000 middle class white amercians
survey using F-scale
those who scored highly on the F scale identified with strong people and were contemptuous of the weak

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6
Q

nolan et al

A

aimed to see if they could change energy use habits
1 group had signs which mentioned other residents, the other had no link to others
those who mentioned other residents showed a significant decrease compared to control

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7
Q

martin et al

A
  • presented a viewpoint and measured agreement
  • then either listened to a majority or minority group agree with it
  • exposed to a conflicting view and measured agreement again
  • found people were less willing to change views if they listened to a minority
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8
Q

explanations for conformity

A

Gerad et al - two process theory
- informational social influence
- normative social influence

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9
Q

support for authoritarian personality

A

milgram et al interviewed 20 obedient and 20 non obedient participants, found that the obedient group scored significantly higher on the F-scale

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10
Q

Milgrams baseline study

A

40 paid american male volunteers
‘randomly’ selected as teacher, confederate was learner
told it was a study based on memory
learner had to remember pairs of words and recite to participant
if incorrect, participant administers shocks, from ‘slight shock’ to ‘XXX’ at 450V
at 300v and 315V, learner banged on the wall, then was silent.
if participant hesitated, man in a lab coat gave prods (please continue - you have no other choice)

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11
Q

asch baseline study

A

123 American men
shown 3 lines and reference line, had to match reference to the same length line
confederates and 1 real participant in a group

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12
Q

albrecht et al

A
  • 8 week usa programme to help pregnant adolescents to stop smoking
  • those with a buddy were less likely to smoke compared to a control group without a buddy
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13
Q

gamson et al

A

told employees to provide evidence to help with a smear campaign in groups
88% rebelled against orders due to peer support

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14
Q

Bickman

A

NYC
3 outfits (suit, milkman, security officer)
asked members of public to perform tasks
2 x more obedient to security guard than commuter

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15
Q

deindividuation

A

loss of personal identity due to a uniform

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16
Q

locus of control

A

rotter
internal - takes personal responsibility for actions
external - rely on fate, luck and chance

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17
Q

group size variation

A

asch added more confederates (majority), and conformity increased, but only up to 3

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18
Q

social support

A

presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same

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19
Q

proximity variation

A
  • in the same room (40%)
  • force hand onto shock plate (30%)
  • order by phone (20%)
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20
Q

Beauvois et al

A

replicated study in a tv programme
80% delivered maximum voltage to apparently unconscious man
similar behaviour as well

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21
Q

stages to social change

A

1) draw attention
2) consistency
3) deeper processing
4) augmentation principle
5) snowball effect
6) social cryptomnesia

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22
Q

Greenstein

A

F scale was highly biased, and the strucutre of the questions lead to response bias

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23
Q

Normative social influence

A
  • focus on what is the norm
  • gains social approval
  • emotional process
  • temporary change
  • happens when rejection is a concern
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24
Q

madel

A

offers an excuse to nazi behaviour

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25
Hoffling et al
unknown doctor phoned 22 nurses to ask them to administer an overdose of an unknown drug 21/22 obeyed, despite it breaking the procedure
26
moscovici study
6 people in a group asked to state whether 36 blue slides were blue or green in each group there was a minority (2 confederates) who consistently said they were green participants said green (incorrect) on 8.5% of trials this was repeated but with an inconsistent minority, and agreement fell to 1.25% no confederates = 0.25%
27
levine et al
asch style task when dissenter had good eyesight - 64% refusaed to conform no dissenter - 3% refused poor eyesight - 36%
28
dispositional explanation
highlights the importance of an individual's personality
29
milgrams research prior to study
asked 14 psychology students to predict behaviour said no more then 3% would up tp 450V
30
bashir et al
people may resist social change due to pre-existing stereotypes. e.g participants were less likely to behave in an environmentally friendly way as they didn't want to be associated with 'tree huggers'
31
Evidence for NSI
Asch - when asked to write down answers (no social approval), conformity dropped
32
features of an authoritarian personality
- extreme respect for those in power - inflexible outlook on the world - alternative groups of people are responsible for ills of society
33
authoritarian personality
adorno a type of personality that is easily susceptible to obeying people of authority
34
origins of an authoritarian personality
- forms in childhood due to harsh parenting - high standards, conditional love, expectation of absolute loyalty - creates resentments for parents, but cannot express due to fear of punishment - so they displace it upon other weaker members of society
35
wood et al
meta analysis of over 100 moscovici style studies and found that consistent minorities were most influential
36
location variation
- in run down office block (48%)
37
Perry
listen to recordings of milgram's participants and said only 50% believed the shocks were real
38
milgram's findings
all participants went up to 300V 65% continued to maximum showed signs of extreme tension (sweat, trmble, dig nails into hands)
39
agentic shift
change from autonomy to agency
40
binding factors
aspects of a situation which allows an individual to ignore or minimise the damaging effect of their behaviour
41
Individual differences in NSI
McGhee et al - nAffiliators are deeply concerned with being liked.
42
Rank et al
replicated Hoffling's study, but with more realistic circumstances, and found a much lower level of obedience
43
compliance
going along with others only in public, not private only occurs in presence of group
44
situational variable
features of the immediate physical and social environment which may influence a persons behaviour
45
minority influence
a form of social influence in which a minority of people perudades others to adopt their beliefs,attitudes or behaviours leads to a permanent change (internalisation)
46
zimbardo method
- mock prison in base of stanford uni - 21 emotionally stable volunteers - randomly assigned to prisoner or guard - prisoners wore smock, identified by only number, bald cap - guards had sunglasses, uniform, handcuffs and baton
47
holland
milgram study 37% of internals didnt go to 450V 23 % of externals didit go to 450V
48
asch baseline findings
conformity - 1/3 of the time 25% never conformed
49
social roles
the 'parts' people play as members of various social groups.
50
3 factors of a sucessful minority
consistency - synchronic (all saying same thing) or diachronic (been saying same thing over a long period of time) commitment - dedication, augmentation principle (extreme acts) flexibility - must be willing to adapt point of view
51
Lucas et al
people conformed more when given a hard maths question, however those with higher confidence in maths ability conformed less
52
unanimity variation
by adding a dissenter, conformity dropped by over 75%
53
resistance to social influence
ability of people to withstand the social pressures to conform to the majority or to obey authority
54
findings of zimbardo's experiment
guards were enthusiastic, became more violent as the study went on, harassed prisoners (woke up at night, locked in cells etc) prisoners rebelled, hunger strike, then became submissive. psychological disturbance and some let go early. had to end at 6 days, not 14
55
agentic state
a mental state where we feel no personal responsibility for our behaviour because we believe that we are acting for an authority figure
56
uniform variation
- 'random' member of public in plain clothes (20%)
57
legitimacy of authority
we are more likely to obey those who we perceive to have more power over us, which is justified by their position in a social heirachy
58
internalisation
genuine acceptance of the group norms permanent change, even in absence of others
59
McDermott
90% of prisoner's conversations were about prison life
60
meeus et al
used a realistic version for Dutch participants found high levels of obedience which dropped when experimenter was not present
61
types of conformity
Kelman - Internalisation - Identification - Compliance
62
Informational social influence
- need to be right - cognitive process - permanent change - happens in new / ambiguous situations
63
identification
change behaviour because we like something about the group public change to be accepted, but not private
64
gradual commitment
once a small instruction is obeyed, it is harder to resist a bigger one
65

PSYCH (12 decks)

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