Psychopathology

Question 1

taylor et al

Answer 1

up to 230 genes involved in OCD - polygenic

Question 2

cognitive characteristics of phobias

Answer 2

selective attention to phobic stimulus
irrational beliefs
cognitive distortions

Question 3

diathesis stress model

Answer 3

people may have certain genes (genetic vulnerability) which could cause disorders, however requires some environmental stress to trigger

Question 4

cognitive characteristics of OCD

Answer 4

obsessive thoughts
cognitive coping strategies
insight into excessive anxiety

Question 5

cohen et al

Answer 5

followed adolescents and found those with cognitive vulnerabilities later showed depression

Question 6

flooding

Answer 6

exposure to an extreme form of a phobic stimulus

Question 7

soomoro et al

Answer 7

meta analysis of SSRIs vs placebo drugs and found 70% reduction of symptoms

Question 8

behavioural characteristics of depression

Answer 8

reduced activity and energy
disruption to sleep and eating
aggression and self-harm

Question 9

emotional characteristics of depression

Answer 9

low mood
anger
low self-esteem

Question 10

behavioural characteristics of phobias

Answer 10

panic
avoidance
endurance

Question 11

lewis et al

Answer 11

in his OCD patients:
- 37% had OCD parents
- 21% has OCD siblings

Question 12

negative triad

Answer 12

beck
-faulty information processing
- negative self-schema
- negative triad (world, self and future)

Question 13

systematic desensitisation

Answer 13

behavioural therapy
- anxiety hierarchy established
- relaxation
- gradual exposure

Question 14

gilroy et al

Answer 14

followed up patients of SD, and at both 3 and 33 months, the group were less fearful than a control group

Question 15

behavioural characteristics of OCD

Answer 15

repetitive compulsions
compulsions reduce anxiety
avoidance

Question 16

march et al

Answer 16

compared adolescents on drugs and CBT, found combination was best, but CBT alone was just as good as drugs

Question 17

candidate gene for OCD

Answer 17

5HT1 - D beta

Question 18

CBT (beck)

Answer 18

identify negative thoughts + challenge
may set homework which challenges these beliefs to use as evidence later on

Question 19

deviation from ideal mental health

Answer 19

jahoda
- no symptoms or distress
- rational
- self actualise
- cope with stress
- realistic view of the world
- good self esteem
- independent
- can sucessfully work

Question 20

ellis

Answer 20

ABC model
- activating event, belief, consequence

Question 21

REBT

Answer 21

rational emotive behavioural therapy
- arguing with the patient to challenge irrational beliefs
- ABCDE model (dispute and effect)

Question 22

ali et al

Answer 22

42 % relapse of CBT clients after 6 months

Question 23

deviation from social norms

Answer 23

behaviour which is different form the accepted standards of behaviour in a society

Question 24

cognitive characteristics of depression

Answer 24

poor concentration
focus on the negative
absolutist thinking

Question 25

emotional characteristics of phobias

Answer 25

anxiety fear unreasonable emotional response

Question 26

depression

Answer 26

a mental disorder characterised by low mood and energy levels

Question 27

drug therapy to treat OCD

Answer 27

SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) prozac if not effective after 4 months, dose is increased or combined with SNRIs (serotonin - noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors)

Question 28

emotional characteristics of OCD

Answer 28

anxiety depression guilt

Question 29

OCD

Answer 29

a condition characterised by obsessions and / or compulsive behaviour

Question 30

failure to function adequately

Answer 30

rosenhan et al - no longer conforms to standard interpersonal rules - experiences severe distress - behaviour is dangerous to themselves or others

Question 31

statistical infrequency

Answer 31

- using statistics to identify unusual behaviour

Question 32

neural explanation of OCD

Answer 32

- some cases explained by reduction in functioning of serotonin system - could also be caused by impaired decision making - located in the frontal lobes

Question 33

nestadt et al

Answer 33

68% of MZ twins has OCD, only 31% in DZ

Question 34

definitions of abnormality

Answer 34

statistical infrequency deviation from social norms failure to function adequately deviation from ideal mental health

Question 35

behavioural activism

Answer 35

decreasing depressed people's isolation and avoidance

Question 36

phobia

Answer 36

irrational fear of an object or situation