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Psychology ATAR > STRESS > Flashcards

STRESS Flashcards

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1
Q

how did Selye define stress?

A

the non-specific response of the body to any demand

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2
Q

define distress

A

a negative stress response typically associated with physiological and negative emotions

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3
Q

define Eustress

A

a positive stress response that motivates and enhances functioning

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4
Q

define what is meant by a stressor

A

sources of stress from internal or external factors

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of stressors

A
  1. environmental
  2. social
  3. psychological
  4. cultural
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6
Q

what is an environmental stressor

A

arise from the conditions and physical surroundings of an individual
eg. noise, pollution, temperature

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7
Q

what is a social stressor

A

stem from relationships and interactions with society
eg, peer pressure, pressure to be accepted by others, conflicts in relationships

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8
Q

what is a psychological stressor

A

caused by emotional and cognitive factors
ex. buying a house, pressure at work and relationship changes

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9
Q

what is a cultural stressor

A

emerge from cultural identity, values and cultural norms
eg. discrimination due to cultural beliefs and practises

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10
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of stressors

A
  1. Nature
  2. Duration
  3. strength
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11
Q

what are the two types of duration of stressors

A

Short term (acute)
Long term (chronic)

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12
Q

what is the role of cortisol? and what is a negative impact it has

A

increases pain tolerance, providing continual blood sugar

decreases immune performance, impairs cognitive ability

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13
Q

what is the role of adrenaline?

A

increases heart rate and supports the conversion of glycogen —> glucose

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14
Q

what is the role of noradrenaline

A

constricts blood vessels to increase blood pressure

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15
Q

who invented GAS and what does it stand for?

A

SLEYE (1936-1983)
General Adaptation Syndrome

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16
Q

what was Selye’s theory when inventing GAS

A

stress is not simply an environmental stressor but a set of processes that act as a response

STRESS AS A RESPONSE

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17
Q

what are the 3 steps in the Alarm stage

A
  1. Threat is detected by amygdala and sent to the hypothalamus to initiate the Sympathetic Nervous System
  2. Fight and Flight response initiated
  3. Adrenal Gland is signalled to release cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline
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18
Q

what is the purpose of the resistance stage and what is its role

A

Repairing the body

Reduces activity of the Sympathetic Nervous System by initiating Parasympathetic Nervous System
(rest and digest)
calms body back to homeostasis

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19
Q

when would an individual reach the exhaustion stage?

A

when the body cannot overcome a prolonged period of stress

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20
Q

what occurs during the exhaustion stage and what does this cause

A

body’s physical and mental reserves deplete limiting the effectiveness of the adrenal gland
causing: drop in blood sugar levels, and negatively impacting physical health

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21
Q

what are the immediate effects (short term) of stress

A

fatigue
reduced motivation

22
Q

what are the prolonged effects (long term) of stress (chronic)

A

risks of developing depression, anxiety
heart disease
diabetes

23
Q

who investigated stress as a stimulus and what did they create?

A

Holmes and Rache 1967
SOCIAL READJUSTMENT SCALE

24
Q

what does the social readjustments scale assess?

A

the amount of stress that has been experienced in the last year of an individual

25
Q

how many life events are included in the social readjustment scale and what are they measured in

A

43 common life events
measured in Life Change Units

26
Q

what do the LCU scores estimate?

A

the level of response and adjustment to stressful events required by the individual experiencing them

27
Q

what can be calculated from the scores of the social readjustment scale?

A

the likelihood of developing a physical or mental stress-related illness

28
Q

what is a strength of the Social Readjustment scale measurement tool?

A

quantitative data collected - statistically analysed

29
Q

what are the limitations of the Social readjustment scale?

A

responses based on subjective measure allowing for exaggerated/bias responses

respondents only able to select which life events they have experienced and not able to give reasoning

30
Q

who investigated stress as a transaction? and what was this theory?

A

Lazarus and Folkman (1984)
theory of stress and coping

31
Q

what did Lazarus and Folkman theorise?

A

“individuals utilise their perception of a stressful situation and their subjective past experiences to help them cope”

32
Q

Lazarus and Folkman defined stress as not an event …

A

but a consequence of a dynamic process where primary and secondary appraisal’s work to assess the significance of a situation as well as evaluate ways to deal with it

33
Q

define coping

A

the process by which an individual manages the challenges they perceive as stressful along with the emotions associated with them

34
Q

what did Lazarus and Folkman say about interactions between individuals and the environment?

A

described how individuals interact with their environment and that stress arises from the continual need to assess their current situation

35
Q

what relationship is emphasised is interactions of individuals and their environment

A

relationship between the person, including their unique traits and characteristics of the environmental event taken place

36
Q

what is the role of cognitive appraisal?

A

individuals make judgements on the environmental event via cognitive appraisal (cognitive abilities used to assess situations)

37
Q

what depends on the whether person-environment relationship is stressful or not

A

cognitive appraisal
between the individual and their cognitive appraisal

38
Q

define primary appraisal

A

an initial assessment of the situation conducted to determine whether the situation is a potential threat, challenge or may cause harm

39
Q

define secondary appraisal

A

available resources and coping options are evaluated to see what can be used to manage the situation

40
Q

do secondary and primary appraisal work after one another

A

no, they work simultaneously, alongside eachother

41
Q

what are the 2 methods of coping?

A

emotional-focussed coping
problem-focussed coping

42
Q

define what occurs during emotional- focussed coping , and why would individuals use emotional-focussed coping?

A

goal - manage emotional responses to stress
individuals will use emotional-focussed coping if they believe that they don’t have the resources to effectively respond to, or cope with stress

43
Q

what are 2 examples of emotional-focussed coping

A

meditation
relaxation techniques

44
Q

define what occurs during problem- focussed coping , and why would individuals use problem-focussed coping?

A

main focus - addressing the root cause of the stress

typically used when individuals believe they have the resources to deal with stress

45
Q

what are 2 examples of problem-focussed coping?

A

conducting research to find solutions to issues
working out a plan to resolve issues

46
Q

what are the 2 types of coping strategies

A

Maladaptive
Adaptive

47
Q

define what is meant by Maladaptive strategies

A

coping strategies involving harmful and unhealthy stress management that exacerbates its adverse affects

48
Q

what do maladaptive coping strategies influence the individual to do ?
give examples

A

avoid dealing with stressors that cause problems
ex. negative self-talk, denial, substance abuse, procrastination

49
Q

define what is meant by Adaptive coping strategies

A

beneficial and productive methods for managing stress that can decrease the adverse impacts of stress

50
Q

what do Adaptive coping strategies influence the individual to do ?
give examples

A

face stressors allowing them to be dealt with
eg. meditation, exercise, planning, acceptance

Psychology ATAR (7 decks)

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