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Psychology ATAR > LEARNING > Flashcards

LEARNING Flashcards

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1
Q

define learning

A

relatively permanent change often occurring in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience

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2
Q

define classical conditioning

A

learning based on pairing/ associating 2 normally unrelated stimuli

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3
Q

what year did pavlov conduct his research and what on?

A

1902
classical conditioning of dogs

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4
Q

define stimulus generalisation

A

generalising a response to another stimulus (due to similarity)

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5
Q

define stimulus discrimination

A

when a stimulus doesn’t elicit the conditioned response because it differs significantly from the original stimulus

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6
Q

define extinction

A

when repeated presentation of conditioned stimulus on its own stops eliciting a response (no longer an association between CS and UCS)

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7
Q

define spontaneous recovery

A

the sudden reappearance of previously extinct conditioned response after unconditioned stimulus was absent for some time

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8
Q

define Neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that on its own, does not elicit a particular response

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9
Q

define unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus with the ability to produce a reflex response

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10
Q

define unconditioned response

A

a reflexive reaction to a specific unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

define conditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits a particular response due to learning
was previously NS

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12
Q

define conditioned response

A

a reflex response elicited by a previously natural stimulus as a consequence of learning

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13
Q

define operant conditioning

A

learning where consequences of behaviour influence the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
through reinforcement and punishment

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14
Q

define the ABC model for operant conditioning

A

A - Antecedent: stimulus occurring immediately prior to response
B - Behaviour: the observed behaviour in response the antecedent
C - Consequence: the outcome of the behaviour, affecting likelihood of occurrence

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15
Q

define reinforcer

A

any stimulus strengthening/increasing the likelihood of behaviour

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16
Q

positive reinforcer definition and example

A

reward strengthening response
eg. prize

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17
Q

negative reinforcer example and definition

A

removal/reduction of unpleasant stimuli
eg. not doing dishes

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18
Q

define punishment

A

any stimulus weakening likelihood of behaviour being repeated

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19
Q

positive punishment define and example

A

behaviour followed by an added consequence
eg. loud noise

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20
Q

negative punishment define and example

A

behaviour followed by the removal of a pleasant stimuli
eg. taking phone away

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21
Q

define the law of effect

A

how behaviours followed by desirable consequences have a greater likelihood of being repeated, while behaviours followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated

22
Q

what did Thorndike investigate?

A

Law of effect, using cats in a puzzle box

23
Q

what did Skinner investigate and what year?

A

Pigeons in Skinners box, investigating operant conditioning
1948

24
Q

define what is meant by a fixed schedule

A

predictable schedule where the length of time and number of responses is set

25
Q

define what is meant by a variable schedule

A

an unpredictable schedule where the length of time and number of responses between reinforcements changes

26
Q

define what is meant by a ratio schedule

A

a scheduled dependant on the quantity of responses needed before reinforcement is provided

27
Q

define what is meant by interval schedule

A

a scheduled reliant on the length of time between reinforcements

28
Q

define what is meant by continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing behaviour after every occurrence

29
Q

define what is meant by partial reinforcement

A

once behaviour is established, various schedules of positive reinforcement is used to strengthen behaviour

30
Q

define reciprocal determinism

A

environment causes behaviour and learning
environment changes behaviour

31
Q

define vicarious reinforcement

A

observed consequence of models actions modified the behaviour of the observer

32
Q

define observational learning

A

where the learner watches the model, notices consequences of behaviour and decides whether to imitate the behaviour or not

33
Q

what are the steps in the mediating process

A
  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Reproduction
  4. Motivation
  5. Reinforcement
34
Q

define attention (mediating process)

A

observer must be paying attention to the model
model must be interesting

35
Q

define retention (mediating process)

A

the learner needs to be able to remember the models behaviour and what was occurring at time of observation

36
Q

define reproduction (mediating process)

A

the learner must have the physical and cognitive abilities to reproduce the behaviour being observed

37
Q

define motivation (mediating process)

A

the learner must have a reason to learn what is being observed
eg. incentive

38
Q

define reinforcement (mediating process)

A

learner is more likely to reproduce models behaviour if there is an expectation that it will be reinforced

39
Q

who invented the social learning theory?

A

Bandura 1977

40
Q

what is a strength and limitation of the Social Learning theory of Bandura ?

A

Strength: strong empiracle evidence (bobo doll)
Limitation: can’t explain all behaviour, biological influence

41
Q

what are the three stages of Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment?

A
  1. Modelling
  2. Aggression Arousal
  3. Delayed Imitation Testing
42
Q

define what is meant by a Token Economy

A

behaviour modification technique based on operant conditioning principals where a symbol reinforcer is used to encourage particular behaviours

symbol/token is awarded in exchange for a bigger reward

43
Q

what is are 2 benefits of using token economies?

A

given immediately
easily track progress

44
Q

what are 2 limitations of using token economies?

A

the reinforced behaviour is extrinsically motivated - once the token economy stops, behaviour isn’t likely to occur

possible for people to lose motivation to continue desired behaviour- same reward every time

45
Q

define systematic desensitisation

A

type of therapy that combines relaxation techniques with gradual exposure (fear hierarchy) to overcome a phobia

46
Q

define phobia

A

intense and irrational fear to an object or situation that continues overtime

47
Q

define the 3 steps of systematic desensitisation

A
  1. therapist and client develop ‘fear hierarchy’ listing scenarios involving feared stimulus from least fear provoking to most
  2. therapist and client practise relaxation techniques
    eg. deep breathing
  3. through graded exposure, client is exposed to stimuli progressively, at the same time doing relaxation techniques
48
Q

define 2 benefits of systemic desensitisation

A

exposure can include visualising situations involving fear stimulus - eliminating practical expose

continuation of therapy likely to occur due to high level of control client has

49
Q

define 2 limitations of systematic desensitisation

A

exposure relying on visualisation are not suitable for clients who have difficulty imagining scenario

underlying cause of phobias is not addressed

50
Q

2 strengths of bobo doll experiment

A

experimental research - cause and effect relationship established

can be replicated through the co trolling of variables and set procedure

51
Q

2 limitations of Bobo Doll experiment

A

lab study - hard to promote real world applicability

model and child are strangers - usually family/known to one another

Psychology ATAR (7 decks)

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