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Psychology ATAR > FORMULATING RESEARCH > Flashcards

FORMULATING RESEARCH Flashcards

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1
Q

define what is meant by the AIM of research

A

broad statement explaining the purpose of the experiment

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2
Q

define what is meant by the RESEARCH QUESTION in research

A

the exact question you are trying to answer, including the population of interest

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3
Q

define what is meant by extraneous variables

A

only variable other than IV that may affect the DV

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4
Q

define what is meant by the confounding variable

A

variable other than the IV that consistently/systematically effects the DV

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5
Q

what is a non-directional hypothesis

A

predicts that there is a relationship between 2 variables, but doesn’t specify the direction of the relationship

“hypothesised that students who take hemp seed oil before bed for two weeks will DIFFER in the time taken to fall asleep compared to students who don’t take hemp oil”

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6
Q

define what is meant by a directional hypothesis

A

predicts the nature of the effect of the IV on the DV, predicting the direction the change will take place

“hypothesised that students who take hemp seed oil before bed for two weeks will take LESS time to fall asleep compared to students who don’t take hemp oil”

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7
Q

define experimental research
what must this include?

A

experiments conducted to test whether one variable influences or causes a change in another variable

experimental group
control group

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8
Q

define non-experimental research

A

includes observation, case studies, correlations studies and archival research

variables ARE NOT manipulated
cause and effect relationship cannot be established

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9
Q

strength of experimental research

A

researchers can have control of variables
cause and effect relationship can be established

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10
Q

limitations of experimental research

A

controlled environment (lab) reduces realism and may impact participant behaviour

trying to control variables - risk of human error

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11
Q

strengths of non-experimental research

A

observing what is naturally occurring in environment - controlled setting doesn’t need to be created

allowing research applications where manipulating variables would be unethical for participants

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12
Q

limitations of non-experimental research

A

reliable causal conclusions cannot be made due to no evidence of cause-effect relationship

no variable manipulation, larger sample sizes are required to be observed

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13
Q

define what is meant by observational research

A

studying behaviour of participants by researcher monitoring participants and recording notes

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14
Q

what are 2 strengths of Observational research

A

can be replicated

participants more likely to behave naturally

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15
Q

what are 2 limitations of observational research

A

observer bias

participants changing behaviour if they are aware that they are being observed

voluntary participation and informed consent may be breached

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16
Q

define what is meant by a case study

A

an in depth investigation of an individual person, group of people or single event useful in studying unusual events that cannot be replicated

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17
Q

state 2 strengths of using a case study research design

A

detailed info given

information is gathered from a range of perspectives

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18
Q

state 2 limitations of case study research

A

results unable to be generalised to the population the sample was taken from

conclusions drawn are limited due to lack of formal control groups

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19
Q

define what is meant by a correlational study

A

measuring linear relationships between 2 variables

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20
Q

what is a strength of a correlational study

A

can be used when manipulating variables
can lead to potential hypothesis being tested

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21
Q

what is a limitation of a correlational study

A

correlation does NOT equal causation

no cause and effect relationship established

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22
Q

what is meant by a longitudinal study

A

data is collected more than once using the same participants, often looking at development overtime

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23
Q

what is a strength of a longitudinal study

A

developmental trends can be studied

frequency, timing and duration can be assessed

participant related variables are kept constant

24
Q

what is a limitation of a longitudinal study

A

time consuming
expensive
participants may drop out overtime

25
Q

what is meant by a cross sectional study

A

data collection method from people of different ages at the same point in time, often looking at development over lifespan

26
Q

cross sectional study strength

A

quicker, cheaper than longitudinal

27
Q

cross sectional study limitation

A

cohort effect

can’t determine cause and effect relationship

28
Q

define what is meant by convenience sampling

A

participants are selected based on being easily accessible

29
Q

what is a strength of convenience sampling

A

low cost

quick

easy

30
Q

what is a limitation of convenience sampling

A

unlikely to be representative of population

high level of experimenter bias likely

31
Q

define what is meant by snowball sampling

A

after initial participants are chosen, they are encouraged to recruit more participants to gain sample

32
Q

what is a strength of snowball sampling

A

similar participants may know eachother

easier to find a sample that is difficult to recruit

time saving

33
Q

what is a limitation of snowball sampling

A

unlikely to be representative of population

biased

34
Q

define what is meant by random sampling

A

ensuring all members of a population has an equal chance of being recruited

35
Q

what is a strength of random sampling

A

researcher bias minimised

36
Q

what are limitations of random sampling

A

more time/effort required

need large sample to be representative of population

37
Q

define what is meant by stratified sampling

A

population is broken into subgroups based on shared characteristics relevant to the study and then participants from each group are randomly selected in same proportions that they appear in popukation

38
Q

what is a strength for stratified sampling

A

likely to represent population

researcher bias is decreased

39
Q

what is a limitation of stratified sampling

A

expensive
long time and effort required
difficult to classify each participant into groups

40
Q

define what is meant by experimenter effect

A

the expectations and behaviours of the researcher that may bias results

consciously or unconsciously give away the desired outcome if the research which influences participants

41
Q

what can help reduce experimenter effect?

A

double-blind procedures

42
Q

define what is meant by demand characteristics

A

cues participants perceive during the study that lead them to believe they have discovered the aim of the study or expectations of the researcher

43
Q

what may participants do when experiencing demand characteristics ?

A

participants may change their behaviour in ways that support the hypothesis to please the researcher

44
Q

what are 2 methods that minimise the effects of extraneous and confounding variables

A

random allocation

single blind procedures

45
Q

what is meant by random allocation

A

participants are randomly allocated to the experimental group or control group within the study

each participant has the equal chance of being in the experimental or control group

46
Q

what is meant by single blind procedures

A

the experimenter is aware of the experimental conditions (which participants are in control and experimental groups) while the participants are unaware

ex. placebo is given

47
Q

list 3 quantitative data methods

A

checklists
rating scales (Likert)
physiological measures

48
Q

what is quantitative data

A

information that can be expressed numerically

can be subjective or objective

49
Q

what are 3 examples of Qualitative data

A

interviews (structured/semi-structured)
focus groups
open ended questions
surveys
observation (naturalistic)

50
Q

what is qualitative data

A

descriptive data allowing free-form answers to be provided

expressed in words

51
Q

what are 3 strengths of quantitative data

A

generalisability of results can be expressed

numerical data is easier to replicate allowing reliability to be assessed (statistically analysed)

quicker, cheaper and more efficient

52
Q

what are 3 limitations of quantitative data

A

responses are limited to those provided

strength and direction given but no reason

phrasing and order of questions can affect responses

large sample size required for high generalisability

53
Q

what are 3 strengths of qualitative data

A

in-depth information can be collected which provide reasoning for responses

flexibility is aspects of method used to collect data

can collect more detailed information

54
Q

what are 2 limitations of qualitative data

A

reduced generalisability of results due to info being gathered from small sample size

expensive, time consuming

type and amount of data collected makes analysis difficult

to interpret data, researchers require a deep understanding of studied concept

55
Q

define validity

A

extent to which the measuring tool actually measures/evaluates what it is designed to measure

56
Q

define reliability

A

the degree to which a measurement tool produces consistent results

57
Q

define generalisability

A

the extent to which results gathered from a sample in research can be applied to other situations

Psychology ATAR (7 decks)

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