MEMORY Flashcards
define sensation
input of sensory information from the external environment received by sensory receptors
what are the 3 components of sensation
- Reception
- Transduction
- Transmission
Define Reception (sensation)
stimulus energy is collected by sense organs
define Transduction
stimulus energy is converted into nerve impulses
define transmission
nerve impulses are sent to primary sensory cortex and receptor cells process information to be perceived
define perception
how the brain selects, organises and interprets sensations
define selection
brain selects most important stimuli to focus on
define organisation
information is recorded at brain to make sense of it
define interpretation
past experiences, motives, values, context involved in processing stimulus to give meaning
what are the 3 components of perception
- Selection
- organisation
- interpretation
define memory
an internal record of some previous event or experience
define selective attention
the ability to focus on 1 stimuli whilst blocking out competing stimuli
define divided attention
the ability to focus on multiple stimuli simultaneously (multi-tasking)
what was Atkinson and Shiffrins model of memory and what year was it proposed in?
Multi store Memory Model
1968
what is the duration, capacity and encoding of sensory memory?
DURATION: 0.2-4 seconds
CAPACITY: Unlimited
ENCODING: visual and acoustic (senses)
what is the duration, capacity and encoding for short term memory?
DURATION: 15-30sec
CAPACITY: 5-9 pieces of info
ENCODING: acoustic
what is the duration, capacity and encoding of long term memory?
DURATION: permanent
CAPACITY: Unlimited
ENCODING: semantic
what are the 2 stores of sensory memory?
- Iconic - visual (movie frames)
- Echoic - Acoustic (3-4 sec)
what are the 2 stores of short-term memory?
- Elaborative Rehearsal
- Maintenance Rehearsal
define Elaborative rehearsal
rehearsal technique allowing info to be encoded into a long term memory by attaching meaning to it
- relating prior knowledge /forming personal connections with info
define maintenance rehearsal
a rehearsal technique where the repetition of information allows it to be held in short term memory store for a longer period of time (not transferred to LTM)
what are the 2 components of Long Term Memory
- Procedural (IMPLICIT) memory
- Declarative (EXPLICIT) memory
define procedural memory
HOW of memory
Stores for skills/actions that are difficult to explain in words
stores the way you do things
define declarative (EXPLICIT) memory
WHAT of memory
type of memory where factual information can be expressed in words
the conscious effort to retrieve information allowing to declare how things are
what are the 2 components of declarative memory
- Semantic - impersonal factual knowledge (remembering factual statistics)
- Episodic - personally significant events (remembering events that have happened)
who made the Working Memory Model?
Barely and Hitch 1974/2000
define working memory model
a view of short term memory as a dynamic storage system capable of simultaneously holding multiple pieces of information
define the role of the Central Executive
responsible for coordinating the salve systems as well as controlling attention given to information and decision making
(organising info - what arrives at STM and LTM)
define the role of the Phonological Loop
temporarily stores and processing auditory information
(storing words)
define the role of the Visuospatial sketched
stores and manipulates visual and spatial information (visualising something in mind)
define the role of the episodic buffer
temporarily stores consolidated information from the central executive, visiospatial sketched, phonological loop and LTM
- semantic memories from LTM integrated with info received by other stores (forming episodes)
define the role of the episodic buffer
temporarily stores consolidated information from the central executive, visiospatial sketched, phonological loop and LTM
- semantic memories from LTM integrated with info received by other stores
define retrograde amnesia
problems recalling information BEFORE to trauma
define anterograde amnesia
problems recalling info AFTER trauma (cannot form new memories)
define the role of the hippocampus
making EXPLICIT memories
acts as a SHIPPING CENTRE (not stored)
info is sent to hippocampus - registers info by binding and consolidating to make memory traces and then sends to LTM
role of the hippocampus in retrieval
receives and binds associated memory traces
role of cerebellum
forming procedural IMPLICIT memories
memories processed, encoded and stored by cerebellum
role of the amygdala
rapid and unconscious processing of emotion, feeding it to the hippocampus to be incorporated into explicit memories
define 2 components of shallow processing
MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL USED ONLY
1. Structural - appearance (encoding physical properties)
2. phonemic - sound (encoding sound)
define components of Deep Processing
ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL
semantic - encoding meaning of word and relate to similar words
define forgetting
inability to recall previously learnt info
define retrieval failure
inability to retrieve info due to lack of cues
define interference (2)
previous memories interfere/disrupt new memories
competing similar info is stored
RETRO - new interferes with old
PRO- old interferes with new
define motivated forgetting (2)
inability to retrieve info due to advantage of forgetting to avoid anxiety/consequence
suppression - consciously forgetting
oppression - not retrieved/rehearsed
define decay
overtime memory traces disappear/ fade
due to lack of being retrieved/rehearsed
define recall
the process of retrieving information from LTM without cues to aid in retrieving info
define Free recall
the retrieval of as much info as possible in any order
define Serial Recall
the retrieval of information in a set order
define Cued recall
provided with retrieval cues to help with retrieving memory
define recognition
the ability to identify previously stored information by matching stimuli to stored memories
(multitasking)
define relearning
requiring knowledge or skills that were previously learnt but may have decayed overtime
what did Craig and Tulving study in memory?
Depth of processing of words
1975
define CTE
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
a progressive brain disease associated with repeated head traumatic brain injury that causes problems in cognition and memory
define alzheimers disease
a brain disease that involves the degeneration of neurons in regions of the brain that are involved in cognitive skills and memory formation and retrieval
protein plaque formation
define Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
disorder caused by a thiamine deficiency leading to degeneration of brain cells and characterised by difficulties forming new memories and retrieving stored memories
define Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
disorder caused by a thiamine deficiency leading to degeneration of brain cells and characterised by difficulties forming new memories and retrieving stored memories
