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Psychology ATAR > MEMORY > Flashcards

MEMORY Flashcards

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1
Q

define sensation

A

input of sensory information from the external environment received by sensory receptors

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2
Q

what are the 3 components of sensation

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Transmission
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3
Q

Define Reception (sensation)

A

stimulus energy is collected by sense organs

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4
Q

define Transduction

A

stimulus energy is converted into nerve impulses

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5
Q

define transmission

A

nerve impulses are sent to primary sensory cortex and receptor cells process information to be perceived

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6
Q

define perception

A

how the brain selects, organises and interprets sensations

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7
Q

define selection

A

brain selects most important stimuli to focus on

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8
Q

define organisation

A

information is recorded at brain to make sense of it

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9
Q

define interpretation

A

past experiences, motives, values, context involved in processing stimulus to give meaning

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10
Q

what are the 3 components of perception

A
  1. Selection
  2. organisation
  3. interpretation
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11
Q

define memory

A

an internal record of some previous event or experience

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12
Q

define selective attention

A

the ability to focus on 1 stimuli whilst blocking out competing stimuli

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13
Q

define divided attention

A

the ability to focus on multiple stimuli simultaneously (multi-tasking)

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14
Q

what was Atkinson and Shiffrins model of memory and what year was it proposed in?

A

Multi store Memory Model
1968

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15
Q

what is the duration, capacity and encoding of sensory memory?

A

DURATION: 0.2-4 seconds
CAPACITY: Unlimited
ENCODING: visual and acoustic (senses)

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16
Q

what is the duration, capacity and encoding for short term memory?

A

DURATION: 15-30sec
CAPACITY: 5-9 pieces of info
ENCODING: acoustic

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17
Q

what is the duration, capacity and encoding of long term memory?

A

DURATION: permanent
CAPACITY: Unlimited
ENCODING: semantic

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18
Q

what are the 2 stores of sensory memory?

A
  1. Iconic - visual (movie frames)
  2. Echoic - Acoustic (3-4 sec)
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19
Q

what are the 2 stores of short-term memory?

A
  1. Elaborative Rehearsal
  2. Maintenance Rehearsal
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20
Q

define Elaborative rehearsal

A

rehearsal technique allowing info to be encoded into a long term memory by attaching meaning to it
- relating prior knowledge /forming personal connections with info

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21
Q

define maintenance rehearsal

A

a rehearsal technique where the repetition of information allows it to be held in short term memory store for a longer period of time (not transferred to LTM)

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22
Q

what are the 2 components of Long Term Memory

A
  1. Procedural (IMPLICIT) memory
  2. Declarative (EXPLICIT) memory
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23
Q

define procedural memory

A

HOW of memory
Stores for skills/actions that are difficult to explain in words
stores the way you do things

24
Q

define declarative (EXPLICIT) memory

A

WHAT of memory
type of memory where factual information can be expressed in words
the conscious effort to retrieve information allowing to declare how things are

25
Q

what are the 2 components of declarative memory

A
  1. Semantic - impersonal factual knowledge (remembering factual statistics)
  2. Episodic - personally significant events (remembering events that have happened)
26
Q

who made the Working Memory Model?

A

Barely and Hitch 1974/2000

27
Q

define working memory model

A

a view of short term memory as a dynamic storage system capable of simultaneously holding multiple pieces of information

28
Q

define the role of the Central Executive

A

responsible for coordinating the salve systems as well as controlling attention given to information and decision making
(organising info - what arrives at STM and LTM)

29
Q

define the role of the Phonological Loop

A

temporarily stores and processing auditory information
(storing words)

30
Q

define the role of the Visuospatial sketched

A

stores and manipulates visual and spatial information (visualising something in mind)

31
Q

define the role of the episodic buffer

A

temporarily stores consolidated information from the central executive, visiospatial sketched, phonological loop and LTM
- semantic memories from LTM integrated with info received by other stores (forming episodes)

32
Q

define the role of the episodic buffer

A

temporarily stores consolidated information from the central executive, visiospatial sketched, phonological loop and LTM
- semantic memories from LTM integrated with info received by other stores

33
Q

define retrograde amnesia

A

problems recalling information BEFORE to trauma

34
Q

define anterograde amnesia

A

problems recalling info AFTER trauma (cannot form new memories)

35
Q

define the role of the hippocampus

A

making EXPLICIT memories
acts as a SHIPPING CENTRE (not stored)
info is sent to hippocampus - registers info by binding and consolidating to make memory traces and then sends to LTM

36
Q

role of the hippocampus in retrieval

A

receives and binds associated memory traces

37
Q

role of cerebellum

A

forming procedural IMPLICIT memories
memories processed, encoded and stored by cerebellum

38
Q

role of the amygdala

A

rapid and unconscious processing of emotion, feeding it to the hippocampus to be incorporated into explicit memories

39
Q

define 2 components of shallow processing

A

MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL USED ONLY
1. Structural - appearance (encoding physical properties)
2. phonemic - sound (encoding sound)

40
Q

define components of Deep Processing

A

ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL
semantic - encoding meaning of word and relate to similar words

41
Q

define forgetting

A

inability to recall previously learnt info

42
Q

define retrieval failure

A

inability to retrieve info due to lack of cues

43
Q

define interference (2)

A

previous memories interfere/disrupt new memories
competing similar info is stored
RETRO - new interferes with old
PRO- old interferes with new

44
Q

define motivated forgetting (2)

A

inability to retrieve info due to advantage of forgetting to avoid anxiety/consequence
suppression - consciously forgetting
oppression - not retrieved/rehearsed

45
Q

define decay

A

overtime memory traces disappear/ fade
due to lack of being retrieved/rehearsed

46
Q

define recall

A

the process of retrieving information from LTM without cues to aid in retrieving info

47
Q

define Free recall

A

the retrieval of as much info as possible in any order

48
Q

define Serial Recall

A

the retrieval of information in a set order

49
Q

define Cued recall

A

provided with retrieval cues to help with retrieving memory

50
Q

define recognition

A

the ability to identify previously stored information by matching stimuli to stored memories
(multitasking)

51
Q

define relearning

A

requiring knowledge or skills that were previously learnt but may have decayed overtime

52
Q

what did Craig and Tulving study in memory?

A

Depth of processing of words
1975

53
Q

define CTE

A

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
a progressive brain disease associated with repeated head traumatic brain injury that causes problems in cognition and memory

54
Q

define alzheimers disease

A

a brain disease that involves the degeneration of neurons in regions of the brain that are involved in cognitive skills and memory formation and retrieval
protein plaque formation

55
Q

define Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome

A

disorder caused by a thiamine deficiency leading to degeneration of brain cells and characterised by difficulties forming new memories and retrieving stored memories

56
Q

define Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome

A

disorder caused by a thiamine deficiency leading to degeneration of brain cells and characterised by difficulties forming new memories and retrieving stored memories

Psychology ATAR (7 decks)

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