MOTIVATION AND WELLBEING Flashcards
define motivation
conscious/unconscious drive leading to the behaviour that individuals initiate, direct and maintain
who discovered the self determination theory
Deci and Ryan 1985
what are the 3 components of Deci and Ryan’s Self Determinations Theory
- Autonomy
- Competence
- Relatedness
define autonomy (SDT)
the need to be in control of one’s actions
define Competence (SDT)
the need to be capable of mastering skill and experience achievement
define Relatedness (SDT)
the longing to form social relationships and positive relationships with others
what are the 4 components of motivation
psychological
cognitions
emotions
social
describe social motivation
human have the needs to be accepted by others, conforming to social norms and needing approval
describe psychological motivation
the need for survival motivating human behaviour
describe cognition motivation
motivations derived from cognitions of intellectual challenges, drive to satisfy curiosity and explore personal interest
describe meaning of emotion motivation
emotional motivation can stem from trying to avoid pain and from seeking happiness
define amotivation
the lack of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from the environment
define intrinsic motivation
motivation driven by an inner desire for self satisfaction arising from achieving a specific goal
define extrinsic motivation
motivation that stems from a desire from external rewards
define a strength of Deci and Ryan’s Self Determination Theory
widely applicable across cultures
intrinsic motivation is crucial - supporting the tendency of people participating in activities they find personally enjoyable
define a limitation of the self determination theory
strong emphasis on autonomy is argued to minimise the influence of external rewards on motivation
multiple components are complex and may limit ability to comprehend theory and apply it
who created the hierarchy of needs and in what year
Maslow 1954
define what is meant by ‘growth’ needs
needs that once met, act as motivation for people to continue fulfilling them
development of personality
what is meant by the term ‘deficiency’ needs
basic needs people are motivated to fulfil due to their absence
important in survival
what are the 8 levels of Hierarchy of needs
- Transcendence
- Self actualisation
- aesthetic
- cognitive
- esteem
- love and belonging
- safety
- physiological
what year did Maslow expand his hierarchy system and what did he add?
1970 expanded
cognitive, aesthetic, transcendence
define transcendence
the experience of going above and beyond limitations of physical human experience
define self-actualisation
the ultimate state of being that all individuals are striving to attain
process of individual reaching their full potential
define aesthetic needs
beauty as well as appreciation of anything beautiful that fulfills one’s wellbeing
define cognitive needs
the mental process of gaining knowledge and understanding understanding through the senses, personal experiences and mental activity
yearn to understand the world around them
define esteem needs
how one perceives themselves (recognition and status)
desire of achievement, to feel confident when faced with challenges
respect from others - receiving recognition, attention and appreciation
define love and belonging needs
receiving live from others and giving love to others
validation and support gained to move to self esteem
define safety needs
involves physical safety and emotional safety
for security and protection of individuals
(financial, health, wellbeing)
define physiological needs
basic requirements to survive
individuals need for food, shelter, water, basic survival needs
define subjective wellbeing
the negative and positive measures and overall emotional and cognitive assessments of life personal to an individual
state a strength associated with maslow’s hierarchy
good evidence supporting humanistic concept
focussed on healthy psychological development
state a limitation associated with maslow’s hierarchy
small sample chosen
only subjective measures used
oversimplifying human behaviour
Who experimented with Subjective wellbeing and in what year?
Diener
1984
what are the 2 components of subjective wellbeing
- life satisfaction
- affective balance
define what is meant by ‘life satisfaction’
the overall assessment a person makes of their life and their own life experience
(cognitive measure of wellbeing)
define what is meant by affective balance
affect - the experience and outward expression of emotions
positive affect - pleasant emotions such as happiness, joy, contentment
negative affect - distressing emotions such as anger and sadness
(the emotional component of wellbeing)
what is the balance of both positive and negative emotions experienced by individuals called?
Hedonic balance
state a strength of Diener’s subjective wellbeing study
cultural universality
comprehensive holistic approach
state a limitation of Diener’s subjective wellbeing study
doesn’t account for external factors playing a role on wellbeing
uses self report methods which are biased
who created the 6 factor model of wellbeing and in what year did they do so?
Ryff 1989
identify the 6 factors of Ryffs wellbeing model
- environmental mastery
- personal growth
- purpose in life
- autonomy
- positive relationships
- self acceptance
identify the 6 factors of Ryffs wellbeing model
- environmental mastery
- personal growth
- purpose in life
- autonomy
- positive relationships
- self acceptance
define what is meant by environmental mastery
rather than accepting things for how they are, EM involves manipulating the surroundings to suit personal needs
state a High and Low involved in environmental mastery
HIGH - able to manipulate environment, manage complicated tasks
LOW - unable to manipulate environment, finds complicated tasks overwhelming
define personal growth
utilising past and present experiences allowing one to continually develop as a person
state a strong and weak involved in personal growth
STRONG: continuous development, self improvement, welcomes new experience
WEAK: lack personal improvement, unmotivated to better self, finds life boring
define purpose in life
requiring individuals to continually re-evaluate life’s intentions and directions
state a strength and weakness involved in purpose in life
STRONG: believes that past and present life is meaningful, sets goals, sense of direction
WEAK: feels life has lack of purpose, doesn’t reflect on past or present and doesn’t set goals
define what is meant by self-acceptance
an individuals acknowledgment of their personal strengths, weaknesses and past decisions and behaviours
state a high and low involved in self acceptance
HIGH: acceptance of good and bad characteristics, high self esteem, positive view on life
LOW: concerned by parts of character, low self esteem, disappointment in past life
define autonomy (RYFF)
individuals seeking personal evaluation not from others but within self using own standards
state a high and low involved in autonomy
HIGH: independent, makes own choices based on moral principals, not pressured to conform to social norms
LOW: highly concerned of societies thoughts, easily pressured to fit social norms, makes decisions based on others opinions
define what is meant by positive relationships
belief in the significance of forming empathetic connections with others and genuine relationships
state a strength and weakness associated with positive relationships
STRONG: understands balance of give and take, empathetic, affectionate and caring, able to form trusting relationships
WEAK: unwillingness to compromise, difficulty caring for others, difficulty forming trusting and intimate relationships
state strengths associated with Ryffs 6 factor model of wellbeing
expansion of Diener’s model (greater detail)
high validity and reliability (supported
empirically via PWB) - uses observations
state limitations associated with Ryff’s 6 factor model of wellbeing
additional factors that influence wellbeing aren’t included / accounted for in detail
strong emphasis on positive aspects of wellbeing and minimal consideration for negative effects
