Story Grammar Elements Flashcards
Setting (S)
introduces the main characters, the protagonist, and the context of time and place
Initiating event (IE)
the occurrence that influences the main character to action. May be a natural event, an action, or an internal event, such as a thought, perception, or wish
Internal Response (IR)
indicates the thoughts and feelings of the main character in response to the initiating event; it may include an interpretation of the event, formulation of a goal, or some other response
Plan (P)
indicates the intended action of the main character (some resources refer to this as the “internal plan”)
Attempt (A)
indicates the actions of the main character in pursuit of the goal. Sometimes also called “Action”.
Consequence (C)
indicates the achievement or non-achievement of the main character’s goal, as well as any other events or states that might result from the attempt (Some resources refer to this as “Direct Consequence”)
Reaction (R)
includes any emotional or evaluative responses of the main characters to the preceding chain of events (Some resources refer to this as “Resolution”)
Ending (E)
a sentence or phrase that clearly states that the story is over
Story = ___________________
Setting + episodic structure
Episode = ____________________
Initiating event + Internal Response + Plan + Attempt + Consequence + Reaction
Types of Genre
Recounts, Accounts, Eventcasts, Scripts, Fictionalized Narratives (Stories)
Recounts are….
Elicited factual reports of past events
“Tell grandma about our trip to the zoo”
Accounts (personal narratives) are…
Spontaneously produced verbalizations about past events
“ Daddy! Daddy! We went to the zoo!”
Eventcasts are…
Descriptions of on-going or anticipated events
“Lebron dribbles down the court and he shoots and he scores and the crowd goes wild…”
Scripts are….
General descriptions of typical event
“make up a story about a birthday party”
Fictionalized Narratives (Stories)
Points of Interest: Cross Cultural Studies
Shirley Brice Heath
Heath noted differences in _________
White working class and African American families
SAE stories are ________
topic centered
AAE stories are
topic associative, especially stories told by girls.
Multiple topics somehow related are woven together in a way that is very different than typical SAE structure
Macrostructure is…
The skeleton of the story, the framework
Microstructure includes…
Cohesion (lexical level), Conjunctions, pronouns, and sentence structure
Not all structural patterns include _________
episodes
Descriptive sequences do not include episodes but rather __________
contain multiple statements of setting
Descriptive sequence ex
“The three little pigs. There’s the first pig. And straw. Second pig. He’s got sticks. And the third pig. Big bad wolf in a fire. The end.”
Discusses the sequence of what is going on! All this does is describe the pictures, it is not a story.
Action sequences: ___________ + _______________.
Setting + Multiple Attempts
Reaction Sequences: _________ + __________+ _________
Setting + initiating event + one or more attempts
Reaction sequences Example
“The three little pigs lived with their mom. She said they needed a house. The first pig made one from straw. No good. The second pig used sticks. No good. etc.”
Example of a story
There was a little girl. Her name was Lisa. She got lost in a forest. She was so scared. She decided to find a way home. etc.”
Story = __________ + ____________
Setting + Episodic Structure
Episodic structure = ____________ + _______________+ ______+_________+ ____________+ ___________
Initiating event + internal response + plan + attempt + consequence + reaction
Initiating event ex
“She got lost in a forest”
______________ must be related to the initiating event!
The internal response (thoughts/feelings), and must start out the episode
Minimally Complete Episode has ___________
3 elements of episodic structure (IE, A, C)
Minimally complete episode emerges around age(s) ___________
4-6 years
If one or more elements of a minimally complete episode is missing it becomes ____________
an Incomplete episode
Complete episode has…
At least 4 elements (IE, [two of the following: IR, P, A] ,and C) (R is optional)
Complete episodes emerge around what age(s)?
7-8 years
Complex Episode Structure are…
Expanded complete episodes- have all elements of episodic structure
When are multiple episodes emerging?
7-8 years
When does complex episodic structure arise?
11 years of age
Interactive episodes are a form of _______
complex episodic structure
What are interactive episodes
What happens in one episode influences what happens in another episode
Written Narratives have the same ___________
general action
Many 5th graders have written stories _____________
that are like the oral narratives of 7 year olds. (Written lang lags behind oral lang.)
How do written narratives begin?
By just writing descriptive sequences or action sequences
If a child makes good sentences but cannot carry conversation well or tell stories we would _________
Work on that level of discourse in therapy!
Episodic structure increases through ________
12th grade
How does speaking and writing develop throughout adolescence?
Speaking and writing become increasingly differentiated as written narratives become longer, more coherent, and better organized
Why are narratives important?
Thinking!
Social Development: how we communicate with others, strings of sentences that develop ideas
Bridge to literacy: very important to read and write
Classroom: most of American education is rooted in the reading and writing of language, narratives are an essential skill
Factors in development and performance of narratives
Experience with books/stories
Interest in topic
Experience with topic
Schemata: mental frameworks we have ______________
Scripts
