Language and Writing Flashcards
6 steps in the process
- Not transcription of oral lang
- Use specific constructions
- Initially: similar to speaking, close to drawing (and often combined)
- Early: writing ability lags behind reading ability
- Better readers are usually better writers
- Later: writing is more advanced than speech
Development of written language begins with…
Preschool writing
What is preschool writing?
A mixture of writing and drawing, showcases how it is intertwined
What is an example of preschool writing?
In the example, the child (4;8) begins to write “the” for “the fan is turning” and then gives up and draws a circle to represent the fan’s movement. Then she tells mom “I’m writing my phone number” (she doesn’t have one) so she writes a series of numbers that are pretty good looking! She writes her name, with a legible M & e & n at the end. Then she draws picture to show swimming.
What is the first letter children write?
The first letter of their name
How is experience varied during the preschool writing stage?
Experience starts to highly vary around this age, preschool aged kids who go to a high education preschool may have better writing ability, but children with less writing exposure may not be this far along.
Around ________ , children will differentiate more between _______________.
3 years; drawing and writing even though it may happen on the same paper
At age 3, what are letters and numbers different from?
Figures and other drawn images.
Early writing _________ reading ability
Lags behind
What must learners achieve for each aspect of writing
Automaticity
Why does the learner have to achieve automaticity for letters and deploying sentences?
To free up cognitive space to move to higher levels of abstraction to create more sophisticated writing products
Middle school is when an average or above average student …
can use syntax in writing that matches what they use in their speech/oral language. Maturation of this takes time and is gradual after this stage.
When does invented spelling occur?
1st and 2nd grade
Why do children use invented spelling
They want to use words they do not yet know how to spell
What is spelling based in & how do errors occur?
Spelling is very phonologically based and errors are representative of processes we see in error during their age group (especially for preschool-FCD)
Invented spelling Example
“I whant a sints set for crismis!!! Garrett”- “I want a science set for christmas” He has been taught some of the patterns of writing (what, where, who- so he might be attaching that spelling to all words that start with a w-. He spells science with the “t” between the n and the s In science.
Invented spelling- common errors
MBRS= mommy (first letter)
GRS= grass (syllables without vowels)
DA= day LIK= like (vowel names if you hear a long vowel)
BEDR= better WOODR= water (spells it the way it’s pronounced)
STOPT= “stopped DAZ= “days”
Students we work with often have language deficits- how does this impact their writing skills?
We may see chronologically older children who still deploy skills when writing that younger children use, specifically invented spelling
Shift away from egocentric focus occurs….
About 3rd or 4th grade
During this shift away from egocentric focus, children begin to _____ and increase _____________.
Revise and proofread; increase in complex clauses and sentence format variety
During the shift away from egocentric focus, writing becomes more complicated than __________.
General discourse at this stage. Complexity of writing begins to surpass that of spoken language in middle school and beyond!
Kroll’s phases of Writing Development (Read and know these stages!!!)
Preparation
Consolidation
Differentiation
Integration
Preparation is learning ________
The physical aspects of writing- how to hold a pencil, write the letters, etc. Children are doing a lot of copying ( a word is written for them and they copy that word, tracing, etc.)
Consolidation occurs around what age?
7 years- 1st or 2nd grade
What is happening during consolidation
Writing independently- they are trying so hard!!!
Similar to speech- still focusing on the phonemes of oral language so writing will reflect that
Differentiation occurs around what age?
10 years- 3rd to 4th grade
During differentiation what is happening?
Writing takes on unique grammatical constructs
Integration is….
When personality and variety are brought into writing
Integration is achieved by…
Minority of writers- not achieved by all students, this is highly sophisticated. It is available and doable, likely a career as an author should be considered if you are this advanced.
Sufficiently differentiated from oral language and integrates their personality (the writer’s “voice”) writing is more sophisticated than general discourse.
Assessment for writing
We should be able to assess both speaking and writing (within our scope). There are a variety of norm-referenced assessment measures to help analyze written language.
