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EOSC 114 > Storms 4 > Flashcards

Storms 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are mammatus clouds

A

underside of thunderstorm anvil

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2
Q

What are winds

A

air motions
or air-parcel movement

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3
Q

Moisture Advection

A

wind blowing in warm, humid air (storm fuel)

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4
Q

Storms can become organized due to

A

moisture advection

-> positive feedback
-> longer-lasting storms

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5
Q

Radiative heat from the sun causes (what does sensible and latent heat do)

A

sensible: air gets warmer
latent: humidity rises

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6
Q

What creates winds

A

forces

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7
Q

acceleration formula

A

(Vnew - Vold) ÷ ∆t

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8
Q

Prognostic equation / “forecast method” for wind

A

Vnew = Vold + [ (F/m) x ∆ t ]

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9
Q

Air parcel is

A

hypothetical blob of air
- size of city block

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10
Q

Buoyancy force

A

vertical
causes up and downdrafts

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11
Q

Pressure-gradient force (PGF)

A

horizontal OR vertical
drives horizontal winds

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12
Q

How does temperature alter buoyancy to drive vertical winds?

A

Temp -> density -> buoyancy
warm air rises (updraft)
cold air sinks (downdraft)

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13
Q

Buoyancy of an air parcel depends on the DIFFERENCE btwn ___ & ___

A

parcel temp and surrounding air temp

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14
Q

What is the driving force of storms?

A

Buoyancy

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15
Q

What processes drives the violent updrafts in Tstorms?

A
  1. Condensation in storms release latent heat
  2. latent heat warms the air, making it buoyant / rise
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16
Q

Pressure equation and units

A

Force / Area
N / m^2

17
Q

True or false: pressure drives winds

A

true

18
Q

Pressure gradient is

A

pressure DIFFERENCE across a distance
(air moves to lower pressure region)

force uses ∆ p, the diff btwn opposing pressures

19
Q

What is in the core of a hurricane? How does this make the core warmer?

A

lots of thunderstorms

-> condensation in these storms makes the core warmer

20
Q

Summary of how pressure gradients drive horizontal winds

A

Review slides for explanation

Horizontal changes in temp
-> Horizontal changes in pressure (High pressure at top, Low at bottom)
-> pressure gradient increases at higher altitudes
-> drives faster winds at higher heights

21
Q

What type of force drives the violent winds in hurricanes? (and also atmospheric rivers)

A

Pressure-gradient force

22
Q

What are atmospheric rivers and how do they pose a danger?

A

flowing streams of water vapour

-> when air hits mountains, it is forced to rise
-> air cools at adiabatic lapse rate (10C/km)
-> causes water vapour to condense = rain + flooding

23
Q

Continuity concept

A

(Assuming at the same temperature)

Air molecules tend to spread smoothly and evenly
- no gaps, don’t get bunched together

24
Q

What does continuity cause?

A

circulations

25
Q

What is circulation? Describe how it happens

A

when initial vertical motion (due to buoyancy) generates horizontal motion in surrounding air
(keeps going)

  1. buoyant air rises, leaves a room of low pressure below it
  2. surrounding air sucked in to fill hole to maintain continuity
  3. air above rising parcel is compressed, expands horizontally
26
Q

Circulations can be driven by

A

Buoyancy or horizontal pressure-gradients

27
Q

Continuity effect links ____ into ____

A

vertical and horizontal winds into circulations

28
Q

Hail falls when they are

A

heavy enough to oppose the updraft

29
Q

Hail safety

A

safety glasses
drive away
stay under a roof, etc

30
Q

What place is most at risk of hail?

A

Red Deer, Alberta

31
Q

What forces does temperature alter

A

buoyancy and PGF

32
Q

Rain Hazards Summary

A
  • can be heavy
  • cover small area
  • transient (lasts for short amount of time)
  • moves with storm
  • flash floods & trigger land slides
  • reduced visibility
  • move to high ground
33
Q

Hail Hazards Summary

A
  • can come from any large Tstorm
  • most common with supercells (low precipitation)
  • injury or death
  • dent cars, break windows
  • flatten crops within minutes, kill livestock
  • get indoors, leave, go under a roof
  • safety glasses
34
Q

True or false: storms of the same type have the same hazards

A

False
diff storms behave differently, so they don’t all have the same hazards!

35
Q

Mammatus clouds on the underside of anvils usually happen near

A

sunset

36
Q

Hail is most common with what type of Tstorm?

A

Supercells (low precipitation)

37
Q

True or false: a larger buoyancy implies a greater vertical acceleration

A

True

38
Q

True or false: a warm air parcel will not want to rise if the surrounding air is warmer

A

True

39
Q

What would happen if air molecules are removed from a hurricane core?

A

the hurricane strengthens

EOSC 114 (30 decks)

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