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A+ > Storage - RAID Arrays, Hard Drives > Flashcards

Storage - RAID Arrays, Hard Drives Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of RAID Array offers zero redundancy?

A

RAID 0 - striping

RAID 0 provides striping of data across multiple drives, but does not mirror data onto any of the drives, providing zero redundancy.

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2
Q

What are standard rotational speeds for hard drives?

A

Standard drive disks move at a rotational speed of 5,400, 7,200, or 10,000 revolutions per minute (rpm).

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3
Q

What are the kinds of mass storage available for a computer?

A
  1. HDD (Hard Disk Drives)
  2. Optical media
  3. Solid State Drives (SSD)
  4. Magnetic drives
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4
Q

Logical Block Addressing (LBA)

A

a way of organizing controller circuitry

Hardware and software save “blocks” that are broken up to save a certain thing in storage.

Each block is about 4,096 bytes, and it will go up to a certain number of blocks.

Regardless of the type of media, your computer will recognize the mass storage as a string of logical block addresses.

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5
Q

What are the sizes of mass storage you could use?

A

5.25 inch: use mostly for optical media
3.5 inch: dominant form/size of mass storage
2.5 inch laptop storage: used for laptops, can be used in bigger systems like servers
M.2 format mass storage - small form factor solid-state drive (SSD) that is used in internally mounted storage expansion cards (straight onto the motherboard in a M.2 slot). M.2 SSDs conform to a computer industry specification and are designed to enable high-performance storage in thin, power-constrained devices, such as ultrabook laptops and tablet computers

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6
Q

Base ten/decimal value math

A
  • for example: kilo, mega, giga, terra, peta, exa
  • great for expressing very big numbers (like blocks in mass storage) but not great with binary numbers (kebi, mebi, gibi, tebi, pebi, exbi) that your computer uses.
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7
Q

magnetic disk drives

A
  • disk drive storage that uses magnetism to store data, which is placed in sectors.
  • have platters that spin and an arm with a read/write head
  • physical sizes are 3.5 and 2.5 inches - most popular ones
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8
Q

ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)

A

protocol used to communicate with hard disk drives (HDD)

command and connection standard for mass storage devices

have specific connectors to transfer data

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9
Q

SATA (serial ATA)

serial advanced technology attachment

A
  • This is the dominant ATA.
  • ATA connectors require connections to the power and the computer to save data.
  • Sata uses a serial data transfer protocol that is transferred one bit at a time from the drive → computer, and vice versa.
  • External storage boxes use eSATA (external SATA) with a bunch of SATA drives inside - though it may have taken a backseat to USB connections.
  • eSATA expansion cards can also be used.
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10
Q

Solid State Drives (SDD)

A
  • The most popular AND fastest storage available.
  • store data using chips, blocks, and pages.
  • Have NO moving parts to them.
  • Sizes include 3.5, 2.5 inch, and M.2 SSD format.
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11
Q

What IS a hard drive?

A

non-volatile storage device designed for quick access. It is also known as a hard disk drive (HDD) or a conventional drive and uses a magnetic spinning internal platter to store memory.

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12
Q

How do you measure the speed of a hard disk drive (HDD)?

A

The speed at which a HDD operates is measured by the number of revolutions per minute (rpm) that the platter of an HDD spins. Higher speeds use more energy and increase heat production. There are four HDD speeds: 5,400 rpm, 7,200 rpm, 10,000 rpm, and 15,000rpm.

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13
Q

How would you describe hard disk form factors and their types?

A

The form factor refers to the physical size of the hard drive. Both form factors contain the same connectors.

2.5”—2.5” hard drives are typically used in laptops. 2.5” hard drives can be mounted in a 3.5” form factor slot with the use of a converter kit.

3.5”—3.5” hard drives are typically used in desktop computers.

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14
Q

SSD (solid state drive)

A

flash memory technology that contains no moving parts.

Flash memory is a form of nonvolatile read/write memory. Nonvolatile memory retains data when power is removed. Flash erases data in blocks, rather than at the byte level.

An SSD uses a series of NAND chips to store memory.

SSDs can be made in smaller form factors than HDDs and are capable of much higher speeds.

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15
Q

Describe NVMe (non-volatile memory express), a type of communication interface:

A

open-source standard used to optimize data transfer and can support speeds up to 3.5 GBps

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16
Q

SATA interface - serial AT attachment

A

slowest of the SSD communication interfaces

17
Q

PCIe - Peripheral Component Interconnect Express

A

offers faster speeds than SATA but slower than NVMe.

18
Q

What are the 2 form factors of the SSD (solid state drive)?

A

M.2—M.2 is a form factor for SSDs. It is 22 mm wide and can vary in length, with the most common lengths being 80 mm and 60 mm. It is referred to as “gumstick memory” because its size is similar to a stick of gum. M.2 drives plug into an M.2 slot on a motherboard.

mSATA—Mini-serial ATA is a form factor for SSDs. mSATAs have a 30-mm wide, 52-pin connector and use the SATA interface for communication. mSATAs can be either 30 mm x 50.95 mm or 30 mm x 26.8 mm.

19
Q

Redundant Array of Independent/Inexpensive Disks (RAID) 0, 1, 5, 10

A

There are different RAID configurations, known as RAID 0, 1, 5, 10, that provide different levels of data protection. Striping is a method of storing part of the data on each drive in an array. Mirroring is keeping a full copy of a disk on another disk.

RAID 0: offers striping of data only; no redundancy; good performance

RAID 1: offers mirroring of data only; requires more storage space to store full copies of data

RAID 5: offers striping with parity; minimum of three drives; ability to calculate missing data and rebuild

RAID 10: offers striping and mirroring for full redundancy; minimum of four drives

20
Q

flash drives

A

removable storage devices that are capable of containing a large quantity of information in a non-volatile, small, and portable form. Flash memory devices include SD cards, USB flash drives, and optical cards.

21
Q

memory cards

A

flash memory device that can store data in a non-volatile state. Common memory card form factors include SD, CF, micro-SD, mini-SD, and xD.

22
Q

optical cards

A

flash storage devices that store data through the use of lasers on spinning discs. Examples of optical cards include CDs, DVDs, and BDs.

23
Q

What are the causes of storage device problems?

A
  1. bad adapters
  2. bad or failing drive
  3. improper connections
24
Q

What are common symptoms of a bad/failing hard drive or RAID?

A
  1. LED status indicators
  2. Grinding noises
  3. Clicking sounds
  4. bootable device/not found
  5. RAID failure
  6. data loss/corruption
  7. SMART Failure
  8. extended read/write times
  9. input/output operations per sec (IOPS)
  10. missing drives in OS
25
Q

LED status indicators

A

are typically visible on storage devices. A blinking light typically indicates a busy drive, while a light that does not come on at all or stays solid may be an indicator of a problem.

However, you need to look at the vendor-specific specifications for indicator lights

26
Q

grinding noises

A

originating from a storage device is a significant indicator of imminent failure in a motor or spindle within the device. This grinding sound can also be heard as squealing sounds or nails on a chalkboard. It is important to back up the affected drive immediately and replace the drive.

27
Q

clicking sounds

A

indicator of a drive that is in the process of failing. Once again, back up and replace the drive immediately.

28
Q

Bootable Device Not Found (error)

A

can be an indicator of a complete failure to boot or a failure of the OS to be found. Check connection points and cables between the motherboard and the drive if BIOS/UEFI autodetection fails. If a proper connection does not resolve the issue, it may be a bad drive. If the BIOS/UEFI is able to detect the drive but is unable to detect the OS, the issue may lie in the master boot record (MBR).

29
Q

data loss or corruption can be caused by -

A

caused by a failing or full drive. To remedy the issue, first attempt to remove unneeded files or applications or defragment the drive. If this does not remedy the issue, you may attempt to format the drive and reinstall the OS. If the issue persists, the drive is most likely failing.

30
Q

What are the steps to troubleshooting a RAID failure?

A

First determine if the problem originates with a single drive or the system as a whole and proceed from there. Check the indicator lights on the RAID system for insight. Remember that the problem could originate from the type of RAID that is being employed

31
Q

S.M.A.R.T
Self-monitoring, analysis, and reporting technology

A

software installed on drives that monitors hard drive reliability and performance. S.M.A.R.T. metrics, while in theory useful for diagnosing and predicting drive failure, tend to be overly complicated and difficult to parse. One useful component of S.M.A.R.T. is the ability to create performance benchmarks that may prove valuable in diagnosing potential drive failures.

32
Q

extended read/write times

A

data loss/corruption, can be indicators of a failing or full drive. Troubleshoot this issue as you would data loss/corruption.

33
Q

IOPS - Input/Output Operations Per Second

A

refers to how many reads and writes a storage device can perform in a second and is listed on storage devices, such as NAS and RAID systems. A steadily declining IOPS may be an indicator of drive failure.

34
Q

What does missing drives in the operating system (OS) mean?

A

indications of a connection issue or an improperly set up storage device.

Troubleshoot missing drives by checking connections, checking the BIOS/UEFI for the enabled drive, finding the drive in disk management or disk utility, making sure the drive is prepared and partitioned properly, updating drive drivers, and checking for bad sectors, which may cause the OS to show the drive as unreadable.

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