Networking Fundamentals Flashcards
load balancer
internet appliance designed to spread requests over multiple servers to evenly distribute the demand and balance a system
Common load balancing configurations include identical, cross-region, and content-based load balancing.
(Cheryl is in charge of maintaining her company’s website accessibility. Upon inspection, she finds that too much traffic is being directed to one web server while other web servers are sitting idle. What internet appliance could Cheryl use to resolve this issue?)
Which sets of connectors are used for twisted pair cabling?
RJ 45 and RJ 11.
commonly for phone lines and ethernet, respectively.
What type of IP address is 192.168.15.211?
a private IPv4 address
IPv4 addresses follow the format of four decimal octets. IPv6 format is eight hexadecimal quartets. IP addresses that begin with 192.168 are in the RFC1918 set of private addresses.
William is publishing his company’s website to the internet and wants to ensure a secure connection. Which of these protocols should William use?
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is the secure version of the HTTP protocol. HTTPS is run on port 443.
What addressing scheme relieves the burden of being limited by IP addresses?
IVP6 addressing.
The public IPv4 address space has been exhausted for quite some time now, meaning that all of these addresses have been purchased or allocated, usually by an Internet Service Provider (ISP). Many technical savvy companies have already begun the transition to using IPv6, which contains a possible 340 undecillion addresses, or 2 to the 128th power (yes, a lot of addresses). Many, if not all, ISPs have IPv6 enabled equipment already in operation.
Static addresses
manually assigned and entered on a device. This will effectively disable DHCP. He should also reserve the IP address in the DHCP pool as good practice to prevent it from being leased to another device.
David is installing a new Web server at the office, but doesn’t want DHCP giving it a new IP address every time he has to reboot it during maintenance. What kind of address should David assign to the new Web server?
static address
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
works in conjunction with Active Directory to provide user authentication and management in a network. It is the successor to the DAP (Directory Access Protocol).
In a Windows environment, this protocol is often associated with Active Directory for central management of a user database. What is this protocol called?
LDAP (lightweight directory access protocol)
router
device that connects multiple network devices and determines the best path for reaching a specified device using routing tables.
Routers are OSI Layer 3 devices and make decisions based on logical addresses.
Key functions of a router include connecting multiple network devices to one another, breaking up broadcast domains, and connecting one LAN to another LAN on a WAN.
switch
A device that works at OSI Layer 2, examines the header of incoming packets for the MAC address, and forwards the packet to the correct location. Switches can be managed or unmanaged
- A managed switch is one that allows for port configuration, traffic management, and traffic monitoring. Managed switches offer quality of service (QoS), redundancy, port mirroring, and VLANs.
- An unmanaged switch does not allow for configuration and passes on all data for a MAC address to its ports.
access points
technically any device to which a host can connect in order to access a network. Wired access points include hubs and switches. However, the term usually refers to a wireless access point (WAP) that allows Wi-Fi devices to connect to a network.
patch panel
dumb device that is essentially a large rack-mounted HUB whose sole purpose is to connect cables together. A dumb device is a device that broadcasts all data coming in through the input port out over all output ports. A dumb device, like a patch panel, makes no logical decisions and simply serves as a connection and relay point.
firewall
security appliance, either hardware or software, that filters network traffic based on a preconfigured set of rules
PoE - Power over Ethernet
technology that delivers power to devices over data lines, such as an ethernet cable, rather than having a separate power cord.
injector
midspan device that sits between the switch and the access point and supplies power via an ethernet connection
switch
sits in front of the midspan injector device and provides power to the ethernet cable.
PoE Power over Ethernet Standards - IEEE 802.3
PoE- 802.3af-15.4 W—WAPs, static surveillance cameras, VoIP phones
PoE+- 802.3at-30W—alarm systems, PTZ cameras, video IP phones
PoE++- 802.3bt (Type 3)-60 W—multi-radio WAPs, video conferencing equipment
PoE++- 802.3bt (Type 4)-100 W—laptops, flat-screen monitors
hub
Layer 1 device that sends all incoming data to all connected devices as a broadcast. Hubs are also known as multiport repeaters.
cable modem
connects to a cable line to provide connectivity. A cable modem is technically no longer a modem, however, since it does not modulate and demodulate analog signals.
DSL (digital subscriber line)
provides connectivity via a telephone line.
ONT (optical network terminal)
provides connectivity via a fiber-optic line.
NIC (network interface card)
also known as a network adapter card, is used to provide the physical interface between a computer and the cabling used for connectivity
SDN (software defined networking)
sets up a network virtually via the cloud. The SDN replaces the functionality of the router in a network
What are the two operating frequencies for wi-fi?
2.4 Ghz and 5 Ghz.
2.4 Ghz (operating frequency for wi-fi)
This relatively low frequency (compared with 5 GHz) has a greater transmission range because it passes through objects such as walls and floors better.
On the negative side, throughput is slower and it is an open frequency range that other devices use. Devices like cordless phones and microwave ovens can interfere with it.
5 Ghz (operating frequency for wifi)
At this higher frequency, throughput is faster. On the negative side, the transmission range is shorter as the signal is attenuated by objects such as walls and floors.
What’s the difference between 2.4 ghz and 5 ghz for wifi frequency?
While 2.4 ghz has a greater transmission range and passes through floors and walls better, 5 ghz doesn’t and has a shorter transmission range.
5 ghz has a faster speed, while 2.4 ghz is slower because it’s an open frequency and phones/microwaves interfere with it.
2.4 has 14 channels (11 available in the US) and 5 ghz has 25 (20 mhz) channels that we never have to set or change (we use 24 for wifi).
They’re also both unlicensed frequencies, which means anyone could use them (interference/eavesdropping could happen).
What did the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) with the communication channels?
defined 14 different 22 MHz communications channels but only allows for the use of the first 11 channels.
What is the 802.11 specification for wifi?
part of the IEEE 802 wireless networking standards. It is used for Wi-Fi communications. The (different letters) all use the ethernet protocol and carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) media access method. The main characteristics that differentiate them are their operating frequencies, theoretical maximum data speed, and throughput.
What are the 802.11 standards, what are their frequencies, throughput, and range?
a—5 GHz frequency, 54 Mbps maximum throughput, 120 meters range
b—2.4 GHz frequency, 11 Mbps maximum throughput, 140 meters range
g—2.4 GHz frequency, 54 Mbps maximum throughput, 140 meters range
n—5/2.4 GHz frequency, 600 Mbps maximum throughput, 250 meters range
ac (Wi-Fi 5)—5 GHz frequency, 6.5 Gbps maximum throughput, 140 meters range
ax (Wi-Fi 6)—5/2.4 GHz frequency, 9.6 Gbps maximum throughput, 140 meters range
long-range fixed wireless connection
point-to-point wireless technology that employs the use of directional antennas to send and receive network signals usually from 10 to 20 km.
Power can be transmitted via long-range fixed wireless and is commonly known as wireless power transfer (WPT). Power is generated by the transmitting station and sent via microwave or laser light to the receiver who turns the transmission back into electricity.
What are licensed frequencies in the U.S.?
Frequencies whose use is granted by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission).
unlicensed frequencies
frequencies that can be used by anyone, such as 2.4 and 5 GHz. The common use of these frequencies, however, often causes interference and can create susceptibility to eavesdropping.
WPT (Wireless Power Transfer)
Power can be transmitted via long-range fixed wireless and is commonly known as wireless power transfer (WPT). Power is generated by the transmitting station and sent via microwave or laser light to the receiver who turns the transmission back into electricity.
WPT (Wireless Power Transfer)
Power can be transmitted via long-range fixed wireless and is commonly known as wireless power transfer (WPT). Power is generated by the transmitting station and sent via microwave or laser light to the receiver who turns the transmission back into electricity.
