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Urology General > Stone > Flashcards

Stone Flashcards

1
Q

what is solubility product?

what is formation product?

A

concentration at the point of saturation

concentration when the salt can no longer be held in solution

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2
Q 
Stone crystals
Ca Ox monohydrate
Ca Ox dihydrate
Ca PO4
Cystine
A

dumbbell
envelope
prisms
hexagonal

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3
Q

__% of ingested oxalate is absorbed
__% of absorbed oxalate is excreted in urine
__% of urinary oxalate comes from diet

A

10%
Almost all
30%

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4
Q

what is primary oxaluria?

A

AR

preferential oxidative conversion of glyoxylate to oxalate

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5
Q

what is elevated in primary oxaluria II and III?

A

II: L-glyceric acid
III: HOG

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6
Q

pKa of uric acid

A

5.5 (50% soluble)

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7
Q

pKa of cystine

A

8.3

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8
Q

First time stone former

10y risk of recurrence

A

52% (Uribarri)

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9
Q

Associations with type 1 RTA

A

Sjogren
Autoimmune thyroiditis
Drugs

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10
Q

Diagnostic test for type 1 RTA?

A

Ammonium chloride loading test: urine pH >5.5

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11
Q

Cutoff for a positive cyanide-nitroprusside test

A

> 75mg/L

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12
Q

FP for cyanide-nitroprusside test

A

homocystinuria
acetonuria
drugs (sulpha, N-acetylcysteine)

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13
Q

__mEq of oral Na = __mg of urinary Ca

A

100 mEq

50 mg

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14
Q

Cystinuria: limit ____-rich food

A

Methionine

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15
Q

Borghi diet
___Ca
___Salt
___Protein

A

30mmol
50mmol
52g

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16
Q

SE of thiazide

A

Hypo: K, Mg, citrate, vol
Hyper: uricosuria, glycemia

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17
Q

Medical treatment for Ca Ox stone former with hyperuricosuria and normalcalciuria

A

Allopurinol

K citrate

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18
Q

Conversion for K citrate

__ mEq = __ mg

A

10 mEq = 1080 mg

1 mEq ~= 100 mg

19
Q

what is Thiola and SE

A

a-mercaptopropionylglycine

proteinuria, liver impairment, hematological

20
Q

what is Reloxaliase?

A

recombinant oxalate decarboxylase
Bacilus subtilis
converts oxalate to formate and CO2

21
Q

what is Lumasiran?

A

liver-directed small interfering RNA
degrades mRNA that encodes glycolate oxidase
reduces glyoxylate production

22
Q

what does Cochrane review tell us about MET? 2018

A

Overal RR 1.16
< 5mm RR 1.06
> 5mm RR 1.45
Shorter expulsion time (3.4d), hospitalization, analgesic use
Not affected by stone location / a-blocker type

23
Q

what does Sam Mcclinton tell us about RIRS vs ESWL in stones < 2cm?

A

< 1cm: RR 1.1

1 - 2cm: RR 1.5

24
Q

Calyceal diverticula

Definition

A

non-secretory outpouching of the collecting system

25
Q

Calyceal diverticula
More common at ___ pole
Classified into: ___

A

Upper pole
Type I: polar, minor calyx
Type II: midzone, major calyx/renal pelvis

26
Q

Intracorporeal lithotripsy techniques

A 
EHL
USG
Pneumatic
Laser
Combination
27
Q

What is LASER?

What is Holmium laser?

A

Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

Holmium ytrium aluminium garnet laser

28
Q

Traxer in vitro definition of a dust

A

<= 250 um

3 criteria

29
Q

what if TFL?

A

laser pumping: electronically modulated diode laser

thulium-doped silica fiber as gain medium

30
Q

what is post-ureteroscopic lesion scale?

A

Grade 0 to 5

31
Q

Mechanisms of ureteric avulsion (URS)

A

Stone basket

Entrapment (scabbard, bunching of distal rubber, steinstrasse, locked deflection)

32
Q

how long is Alken central rod?

A

58cm

33
Q

Amplatz: made of __

A

polyurethane

34
Q

fURS : T / F
Reusable: fiberoptic or digital
Fiberoptic fURS has smaller width
Fiberoptic fURS has smaller working channel

A 
T (disposable = all digital)
T
F (same = 3.6Fr)
35
Q

Extracorporal lithotripsy techniques

A

EHL
Piezoelectric
Electromagnetic
Electroconductive

36
Q

Describe a shockwave pressure profile

A

Shorter positive peak

Longer negative trough

37
Q

how to improve ESWl success rate?

A

Patient selection
Optimize SW delivery: 4
Analgesia
Fragment passage

38
Q

what is biofilm?

what layers are there?

A

linking, base, surface films

39
Q

what is nephrocalcinosis?

what types are there?

A

Generalized

Medullary (98%), cortical

40
Q

Characteristic imaging findings of papillary necrosis

A

Papillary type: lobster claw

Medullary type: ball on tee

41
Q

What is medullary sponge kidney?

A

developmental defect of collecting system

cystic dilatation of distal collecting ducts

42
Q

Medullary sponge kidney
___% bilateral
Associated with ___
__ gene implicated

A

75%
BWS
RET oncogene

43
Q

Medullary sponge kidney: imaging findings

A

Bunch of grapes

Paint-brush appearance

Urology General (13 decks)

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