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Urology General > Pediatric > Flashcards

Pediatric Flashcards

1
Q

testicular torsion
age distribution
classification

A

bimodal

vaginal

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2
Q

testicular torsion

salvage rates

A

parabola

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3
Q 
Regarding circumcision to prevent UTI in boys:
NNT if:
normal boys
hx of recurrent UTI
hx of high grade VUR
A

111
11
4

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4
Q

incidence of hypospadias

A

1 in 300 male births

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5
Q

risk factors of hypospadias

A

FHx
LBW
IVF

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6
Q

when does genital ridge form?

A

5th week

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7
Q

when does primitive sex chords form?

A

6th week

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8
Q

when does paramesonephric ducts form?

A

6th week

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9
Q

when does Sertoli cells form?

A

7th week

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10
Q

when does Sertoli cells release AMH?

A

8 - 10th week

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11
Q

when does Leydig cells form?

A

10th week

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12
Q

Timeline for testicular descent

A

8 - 12th: urogenital ridge to internal ring

24 - 30th: to scrotum

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13
Q

Among true UDT:
palpable ___%
non-palpable ___%: among which ___% intraabdominal

A

80%

20% ; 40%

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14
Q

UDT incidence in = ?
Full term: _
Pre-term: _

A

3.7%

30%

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15
Q

How many of UDT will descend after birth?

A

70% will descend by 3 months (i.e. 1 % at 3m)

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16
Q

UDT - risk factors

A 
preterm
LBW
NM disorders
hypospadias
FHx (14% has)
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17
Q

what is Prentiss maneuver?

A

divide inferior epigastric vessels

transpose the spermatic cord for a straighter course

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18
Q

Cutoff for bladder capacity : age 4 - 12

A

(age + 1 ) x 30

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19
Q

Cutoff for PVRU
age 4 - 6
age 7 - 12

A

4 - 6: < 20ml

7 - 12: < 10ml

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20
Q

what is associated with bifid clitoris wrt incontinence?

A

epispadias

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21
Q

Nocturnal enuresis: T / F
More common in boys
Patients have normal sleep architectures

A

TRUE

TRUE

22
Q

incidence of CAKUT congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract

A

1 in 500

23
Q

Prune belly syndrome:
incidence
triad = ?
urinary tract anomalies = ?

A

1 in 40,000
absent abd wall musculature, urinary tract anomalies, bilateral UDT
hypoplastic prostate, megalourethra, distended bladder/ureters, renal dysplasia

24
Q

postulated cause of prune belly syndrome?

A

in utero posterior urethra obstruction

25
Q

natural hx of PUJO in children

A

GOSH
60% stable RFT despite obstruction
25% resolves
15% pyeloplasty

26
Q

PUJO: chance of requiring surgery based on AP diameter
>5cm
>3cm
<2cm

A

100%
55%
1%

27
Q

incidence of duplex

A

1 in 125

28
Q

F : M ratio for VUR

A

5 : 1

29
Q

what is Paquin’s law

A

submucosal length : diameter = at least 5 : 1

30
Q

what is ICVUR

A

international classification of VUR

31
Q 
Natural history of VUR:
Most common grade: \_\_
Spontaneous resolution of grade III: _
Spontaneous resolution of grade IV: _
Spontaneous resolution of grade V: _
A

II
46%
9%
0%

32
Q

Regarding CAP for VUR:
what dose and how to take?
what drug?

A

1/4 therapeutic dose
taken nocte
< 6wk: augmentin
> 6wk: septrin

33
Q

Result of RIVUR study

A

septrin reduces risk of recurrent febrile UTIs by 45%

34
Q

Result of Swedish Reflux Trial

A

CAP reduces new renal dmg

35
Q

Result of International Reflux Study on Children IRSC

A

surgery more effective than CAP in preventing pyelonephritis (10% vs 20%)

36
Q

what is the technique for Deflux injection?

A

Double HIT hydrodistension implantation technique

37
Q

what ureteric implantation techniques?

A

extra-vesical (Lich Gregoir)

intra-vesical (cross trigonal - Cohen) (high medial - Leadbetter)

38
Q

embryology for posterior urethral valve

A

abnormal confluence of mesonephric duct and urogenital sinus

39
Q

Poor prognostic factors for PUV:
pre-natal
post-natal

A

pre:
early present, oligohydramnios, high fetal urine B2-microglobulin
post:
high Cr, bilateral VUR, proteinuria, poor complaince bladder

40
Q

incidence of horshoe kidney

A

1 in 400

41
Q

horseshoe kidney : T / F

More common in male

A

TRUE

42
Q

horsehoe kidney:
associated with ___
embryology : ?

A

Turner syndrome

abnormal medial fusion of metanephric blastema

43
Q

what is bladder exstrophy

A

failure development of lower abd wall

resulting from failure of mesoderm to migrate into cloacal membrane

44
Q

features of bladder exstrophy

A 
bladder plate, adjacent to umbilicus
pubic diastasis
rectus divarication
separated corpora / bifid clitoris
Not associated with other anomalies
45
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia:
what enzyme problem?
what specific test?

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

17-hydroxy progesterone (high)

46
Q

Incidence of Wilms tumor
HK
UK

A

2.3 / mil

5 / mil

47
Q

WAGR syndrome component

A

WT
Aniridia
GU abnormalities
Retardation

48
Q

WT1:
Ch = ?
Associations = ?

A

11p
WAGR
Denys-Drash syndrome

49
Q

WT2:
Ch = ?
Association = ?

A

11p

BWS

50
Q

Pathology of WT = ?

A

Blastema
Epithelial
Stroma

51
Q

WT: unfavourable histological subtypes

A

anaplastic
clear cell
rhabdoid

52
Q

WT:
most common site of mets
calcification on imaging: _

A

Lung

15% only (vs. 90% in neuroblastoma)

Urology General (13 decks)

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