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GI system > Stomach conditions > Flashcards

Stomach conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of common gastric diseases?

A

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Gastritis

Peptic ulcer disease

Stomach cancer

Zollinger-Ellison disease

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2
Q

What is gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?

A

Acidic contents of stomach move backwards up into oesophagus

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?

A

Heartburn

Cough

Sore throat

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4
Q

What is the cause of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter dysfunction

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5
Q

What factors can contribute to gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?

A

Hiatus hernia

Obesity

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6
Q

What is hiatus hernia?

A

Herniation of cardia and fundus of stomach through oesophageal hiatus of diaphragm into thorax

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7
Q

What are the complications of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?

A

Oesophagitis

Strictures

Barrett’s oesopheagus

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8
Q

What is oesophagitis?

A

Inflammation of lining of oesophagus

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9
Q

What is a stricture in the oesophagus?

A

Narrowing of oesophagus

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10
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Metaplasia of stratified squamous epithelium lining the oesophagus to simple columnar epithelium

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11
Q

What is a complication of Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma

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12
Q

How is gastro-oesophageal reflux disease treated?

A

Lifestyle changes

Pharmacological

Surgery

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13
Q

What lifestyle changes are advised for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?

A

Eat dinner earlier, not too soon before going to bed

Don’t go to sleep lying flat, lie slightly propped up

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14
Q

What drugs are given for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?

A

Antacids

Proton pump inhibitors

H2 antagonists

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15
Q

What is an example of a common proton pump inhibitor drug?

A

Omeprazole

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16
Q

What are some examples of common H2 antagonists?

A

Cimetidine

Ranitidine

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17
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach

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18
Q

What are the types of gastritis?

A

Acute gastritis

Chronic gastritis

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19
Q

What are the causes of acute gastritis?

A

Heavy use of NSAIDS

Lots of alcohol

20
Q

How do NSAIDS cause acute gastritis?

A

Reduce prostaglandins in the stomach
reduce blood to flow to epithelial cells
reduced delivery of nutrients to those epithelial cells
more prone to damage, inflammation

21
Q

How does alcohol cause acute gastritis?

A

Dissolves mucus layer of stomach
less protection of epithelial cells against acid of stomach
become damaged, inflamed

22
Q

What are the symptoms of acute gastritis?

A

Pain

Nausea, vomiting

Maybe bleeding

23
Q

What are the causes of chronic gastritis?

A

Infection with H.pylori

Autoimmune disease

24
Q

How does helicobacter pylori spread from person to person?

A

Oral-oral route

Faecal-oral route

25
Q

How does H.pylori colonise the stomach wall?

A

Adheres to epithelial cells

sits in the mucus layer lining the stomach

26
Q

How does H.pylori damage stomach epithelial cells?

A

Releases cytotoxins
directly damage and kill epithelial cells

Produces urease
converts urea to ammonium
which is toxic to the epithelial cells

Breaks down mucus lining the stomach
reduced protection of epithelial cells from gastric acid

27
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic gastritis caused by infection with H pylori?

A

Asymptomatic

or same symptoms as acute gastritis

or symptoms due to complications

28
Q

What is the appearance of helicobacter pylori on a gram stain?

A

Gram negative

Helix shaped

Has a flagellum

29
Q

What are the complications of chronic gastritis caused by infection with H pylori?

A

Peptic ulcers

Adenocarcinomas

30
Q

How is infection with helicobacter pylori treated?

A

Triple therapy

  • proton pump inhibitor
  • clarithromycin
  • amoxicillin
31
Q

How does autoimmune disease cause chronic gastritis?

A

Autoantibodies against parietal cells in stomach

32
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic gastritis caused by autoimmune disease?

A

Symptoms of anemia

33
Q

Why does autoimmune disease causing chronic gastritis give symptoms of anaemia?

A

Destruction of parietal cells, which produce intrinsic factor
reduced intrinsic factor
reduced absorption of vitamin B12, vitamin B12 deficiency
red blood cells don’t mature

34
Q

What is the name of the anaemia caused by autoimmune disease causing chronic gastritis?

A

Pernicious anaemia

35
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

Break in gastric or duodenal mucosa that extends through the muscularis mucosae, to the submucosa

36
Q

Where are peptic ulcers most common?

A

Lesser curve of stomach

First part of duodenum

37
Q

What are the causes of peptic ulcers?

A

NSAIDS

Infection with H pylori

Zollinger-Ellison disease

38
Q

What are the symptoms of peptic ulcers?

A

Epigastric pain
occurs after meals
at night

Bleeding, anaemia

Satiety

39
Q

What type of pain is felt with a peptic ulcer?

A

Burning pain

40
Q

Why does peptic ulcer disease give early satiety?

A

Can lead to fibrotic repair in the stomach lining
causing adhesions
reduced capacity of stomach

41
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison disease?

A

Tumour in pancreas
produces excessive amounts of gastrin
proliferation of parietal cells in stomach, increased gastric acid production
damages epithelial cells in stomach, leading to peptic ulcers

42
Q

What investigations are done for gastric diseases?

A

Upper GI endscopy

Biopsy

Urease breath test

Erect chest X ray

Blood count

43
Q

Why is a biopsy done for gastric disases?

A

Because peptic ulcers and stomach cancer have a similar presentation
need to distinguish between the two

44
Q

Why is an erect chest X ray done for gastric diseases?

A

In case an abdominal viscera has been perforated
leading to a pneumoperitoneum, air in the peritoneal cavity
in which case can see air under the diaphragm

45
Q

Why is a blood count done for gastric diseases?

A

In case bleeding has occurred

leading to anaemia

47
Q

What does H.pylori colonising the stomach pylorus lead to?

A

Stimulates G cells to produce more gastrin
more stomach acid secretion
duodenal ulceration

48
Q

What is the oxygen tolerance of helicobacter pylori?

A

Survives in small amounts of oxygen

GI system (21 decks)

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