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Systems Pathology II Midterm > Stomach > Flashcards

Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

In what region do we seen generalized pain from the stomach?

A

Epigastric

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2
Q

What is the most common pathogen responsible for gastrointestinal infection?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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3
Q

What is the unique appearance seen with the vomit associated with a stomach infection?

A

Hematemesis, “coffee ground” appearance

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4
Q

What is the appearance of feces associated with a stomach infection?

A

Melena (black, tarry feces)

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5
Q

What are risk factors for gastritis?

A

Alcohol, NSAIDs, age, chemotherapy, radiation therapy

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6
Q

What leukocyte is present for the initial onset of acute gastritis?

A

Neutrophils

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7
Q

What is the clinical term for acute gastritis that progresses into mucosal erosion, ulceration, and hemorrhage?

A

Acute erosive hemorrhagic gastritis

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8
Q

What are risks for acute gastritis?

A

NSAIDs: ASA, ibuprofen, naproxen

Alcohol, smoking, irradiation, chemo, sepsis, physical trauma

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9
Q

Why are NSAIDs a risk factor for acute gastritis?

A

Inhibition of bicarbonate production

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10
Q

What are the medications used to treat acute gastritis?

A

PPIs, hydrogen receptor antagonists

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11
Q

How do the medications for acute gastritis work?

A

Decrease gastric activity

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12
Q

What is the condition of aspirin toxicity?

A

Salicylism

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13
Q

Is an acute peptic ulceration the same as a peptic ulcer?

A

NO

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14
Q

What are the two causes of acute peptic ulcerations?

A

Severe physiologic stress

NSAIDs

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15
Q

What is the recovery timeline for acute gastritis?

A

Heals within a few days to weeks

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16
Q

Acute peptic ulceration can occur in patients with what neural condition and why?

A

Intracranial disease due to increased ICP (via vagal nerve hypothesis)

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17
Q

Which is more severe: acute or chronic gastritis?

A

Acute gastritis

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18
Q

Hematemesis is rare in which kind of gastritis: acute or chronic?

A

Chronic

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19
Q

Which form of gastritis has upper abdominal “discomfort” and which has epigastric pain?

A

Acute - epigastric pain

Chronic - upper abdominal discomfort

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20
Q

Chronic gastritis is associated with what other GI condition?

A

Peptic ulcers

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21
Q

What are the two major complications associated with chronic gastritis?

A

Peptic ulcer disease

Gastric adenocarcinoma

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22
Q

70-90% of chronic gastritis cases involve which pathogen?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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23
Q

What are risk factors for chronic gastritis?

A

Poor childhood sanitation/hygiene

24
Q

What is unique about the symptoms of chronic gastritis?

A

Most commonly asymptomatic (although chronic)

25
Q

What are the effects of chronic gastritis on the body?

A

1 increased acid production

2 epithelial metaplasia leading to risk for gastric cancer

26
Q

Autoimmune gastritis most commonly affects what population?

A

Elderly females over 60 years of age

27
Q

What is autoimmune gastritis?

A

Gastric atrophy + chronic gastritis

28
Q

Autoimmune gastritis attacks what specific GI cells and can lead to what overlying condition?

A

Attack parietal cells; pernicious anemia

29
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

Difficulty producing RBC due to the inability to absorb vitamin B12 because of the loss of intrinsic factor

30
Q

What are the locations for peptic ulcer disease?

A

1 proximal duodenum

2 gastric antrum (distal stomach)

31
Q

What is the appearance associated with peptic ulcer disease?

A

Red granulation tissue as a solitary “punched-out” lesion and possible hemorrhage

32
Q

What is the gender bias associated with peptic ulcer disease?

A

Males

33
Q

Peptic ulcer disease is usually a result from what?

A

Chronic gastritis or hyperacidity

34
Q

What is the most common pathogen involved with peptic ulcer disease?

A

Helicobacter pylori

35
Q

Helicobacter pylori is present in what percent of PUD cases?

A

70-90%

36
Q

Will all cases of a Helicobacter pylori infection result in PUD?

A

NO (only 5-10%) but remember that the majority of PUD cases DO involve H. pylori

37
Q

How is smoking a risk factor for PUD?

A

Decreased GI blood flow

Decreased healing ability

38
Q

When is the epigastric pain associated with PUD most present?

A

At night and 1-3 hours postprandial (after eating)

39
Q

What can relieve epigastric pain due to PUD?

A

Alkaline substances

40
Q

Is peptic ulcer disease a medical emergency?

A

YES (perforation/hemorrhage is possible)

41
Q

Which type of ulcer is relieved after eating?

A

Duodenal

42
Q

Which type of ulcer is worsened by eating?

A

Gastric

43
Q

What characteristics are shared by both types of peptic ulcers?

A

Relieved by alkaline substances
Worse at night
Inconsistent pain patterns

44
Q

What is the serious form of a gastric polyp?

A

Gastric adenoma

45
Q

What forms of gastric polyps are common but not worrisome?

A

Inflammatory and hyperplastic polyp (75%)

Fundic gland polyp (15%)

46
Q

Why are gastric adenomas worrisome?

A

30% transition into adenocarcinomas

47
Q

What is the frequency of gastric adenomas?

A

10% (least common gastric polyp)

48
Q

What is the only way to determine if a gastric polyp is worrisome?

A

Biopsy

49
Q

What is the clinical term for an upper endoscopy?

A

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

50
Q

What type of cancer makes up 90% of all cases?

A

Gastric adenocarcinomas

51
Q

What country is at a higher risk for gastric adenocarcinomas?

A

Japan (20X)

52
Q

What are the risks for gastric adenocarcinomas?

A 
Chronic inflammation (EBV or H. pylori)
Dysplastic adenomas
53
Q

What is unique about the type of cancer that is a gastric adenocarcinoma?

A

5% are ex-nodal lymphomas

54
Q

The symptoms of gastric adenocarcinomas resemble what GI condition?

A

PUD

55
Q

When an isolated form of gastric adenocarcinoma, what is the prognosis?

A

90% 5-year survivablitiy

Systems Pathology II Midterm (7 decks)

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